When to Use Time-Weighted Return (TWR) vs. Money-Weighted Return (MWR)

Sean P. Gilligan, CFA, CPA, CIPM
Managing Partner
December 29, 2020
15 min
When to Use Time-Weighted Return (TWR) vs. Money-Weighted Return (MWR)

There are two types of returns investment managers use to report the performance of their strategies: Time-Weighted Returns (“TWR”) and Money-Weighted Returns (“MWR”). The most common MWR is the Internal Rate of Return (“IRR”). Here we take a look at both TWR and MWR to help you understand when each method should be used and why.

The key difference between the two methods is that:

  • Time-Weighted Returns REMOVE the effect of the timing and amount of external cash flows.
  • Money-Weighted Returns INCLUDE the effect of the timing and amount of external cash flows.

Because of this, money-weighted returns represent the actual return received by the investor, while time-weighted returns represent the return achieved by the investment manager after removing the effect of external cash flows.

But when is it appropriate to use one over the other? Because MWRs reflect the investor’s actual returns, it may seem like the best method to use in all situations. However, if the purpose of reviewing the performance is to evaluate the portfolio manager’s discretionary management, we do not want decisions made by the investor to affect the results. The most appropriate methodology to use to evaluate the portfolio manager depends on who controls the external cash flows (contributions and withdrawals) from the portfolio.

Investor-Driven Cash Flows

When the timing and amount of external cash flows are controlled by the investor, investor-driven decisions impact the return. To present returns that allow investors to evaluate a manager’s discretionary management, TWR should be utilized to remove the effect of these investor-driven decisions. Because the effects of cash flows are removed, a TWR doesn’t penalize or benefit a portfolio manager’s performance for contributions or withdrawals that the manager did not control.

Investment Manager-Driven Cash Flows

When the investment manager does have control over the timing and amount of external cash flows (e.g., private equity funds where the investment manager has control over capital calls and distributions), their effects should be included in the evaluation of the manager’s performance. An MWR, which includes the effect of timing and amount of external cash flows, would therefore appropriately penalize or benefit a portfolio manager for contribution and withdrawal decisions that were part of their discretionary management.

External Cash Flow Impact on Returns

Without external cash flows, TWR and MWR are equal. When external cash flows (and volatility) are present, the results will differ.

The following are examples of how the MWR and TWR will differ under different market scenarios:

  1. If a contribution is made and then the portfolio has subsequent performance that:
    • SHIFTS POSITIVELY – MWR > TWR (investor added money just before the upswing)
    • SHIFTS NEGATIVELY – TWR > MWR (investor added money just before the decline)
    • REMAINS STEADY – TWR = MWR (investor added money during a period without volatility)
  2. If a distribution is made and then the portfolio has subsequent performance that:
    • SHIFTS POSITIVELY – TWR > MWR (investor withdrew money just before the upswing)
    • SHIFTS NEGATIVELY – MWR > TWR (investor withdrew money just before the decline)
    • REMAINS STEADY – MWR = TWR (investor withdrew money during a period without volatility)

To help visualize how this works, below are three examples. For the sake of simplicity, we assume the portfolio perfectly replicates the index. The line on the graphs demonstrates the index return stream for the performance period while the filled in area represents the amount of capital invested during each segment of the period. Since TWR removes the effect of the external cash flows, the TWR will approximately equal the index return while the MWR will be impacted by the amount of capital invested for each segment of the performance period.

Example 1: A portfolio with a beginning value of $100k has a steady return of 10% without any volatility for the full period (scenarios with and without external cash flows):

Steady return - no external cash flows.
No External Cash Flows and no volatility:
TWR = 10% and MWR = 10%
Steady return - large external contribution.
$50k ADDED at Mid-Point and no volatility:
TWR = 10% and MWR = 10%
Steady return - large external distribution.
$50k REMOVED at Mid-Point with no volatility:
TWR = 10% and MWR = 10%

The TWR and MWR is equal for all of these scenarios because there is no volatility. With a steady return stream, there is no market timing that would make external cash flows cause a difference between the TWR and MWR.

Example 2: A portfolio with a beginning value of $100k has a 10% increase, but subsequently declines to end the period at the same level at which it began.

Positive return with subsequent loss - no external cash flows
No External Cash Flows:
TWR = 0% and MWR = 0%
Positive return with subsequent loss - large external contribution
= $50k ADDED at High Point:
TWR = 0% and MWR = -3.63%
Positive return with subsequent loss - large external cash distribution
$50k REMOVED at High Point:
TWR = 0% and MWR = 6.04%

The TWR is 0% for all scenarios because the strategy lost all of its initial gains to end up back at the starting point.

The MWR is negative when adding money at the high point because in this scenario the capital base is smaller while the strategy is performing positively and larger when the strategy is performing negatively.

The MWR is positive when removing money at the high point because in this scenario the capital base is larger while the strategy is performing positively and smaller when the strategy is performing negatively.

Example 3: A portfolio with a beginning value of $100k has a 10% decrease, but subsequently increases to end the period at the same level at which it began.

Negative return with subsequent gain - no external cash flows.
No External Cash Flows:
TWR = 0% and MWR = 0%
$50k ADDED at Low Point:
TWR = 0% and MWR = 3.71%
$50k REMOVED at Low Point:
TWR = 0% and MWR = -5.91%

The TWR is 0% for all scenarios because the strategy gained back all of its initial losses to end up back at the starting point.

The MWR is positive when adding money at the low point because in this scenario the capital base is smaller while the strategy is performing negatively and larger when the strategy is performing positively.

The MWR is negative when removing money at the high point because in this scenario the capital base is larger while the strategy is performing negatively and smaller when the strategy is performing positively.

Criteria to Determine When MWR is Appropriate

Ultimately, investment managers should be evaluated based on TWR unless specific criteria are met, in which case MWR is more appropriate. The criteria[1] for using MWR includes:

The investment manager has control over the timing and amount of external cash flows and the investment vehicle has at least one of the following characteristics:

  • Closed-end
  • Fixed life
  • Fixed commitment
  • Illiquid investments as a significant part of the investment strategy

MWR vs TWR for GIPS

The use of money-weighted returns in GIPS Reports instead of time-weighted returns has broadened under the 2020 edition of the Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS”). All firms can show MWRs in addition to TWRs if they wish to do so; however, if a firm wishes to replace its TWR with MWR, the criteria listed in the prior section must be met. For more information on these requirements, please see Question 10 of Longs Peak’s GIPS Compliance FAQs.

For more information on how to present performance information in compliance with the GIPS standards, see our recent article on updating GIPS reports to comply with the 2020 edition of the GIPS standards.

If you have questions about calculating investment performance or GIPS compliance, please contact us or email Sean Gilligan at sean@longspeakadvisory.com.

[1] Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) – For Firms, Fundamentals of GIPS Compliance, Provision 1.A.35, pages 5-6.

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In most investment firms, performance calculation is treated like a math problem: get the numbers right, double-check the formulas, and move on. And to be clear—that part matters. A lot.

But here’s the truth many firms eventually discover: perfectly calculated performance can still be poorly communicated.

And when that happens, clients don’t gain confidence. Consultants don’t “get” the strategy. Prospects walk away unconvinced. Not because the returns were wrong—but because the story was missing.

Calculation Is Technical. Communication Is Human.

Performance calculation is about precision. Performance communication is about understanding.

The two overlap, but they are not the same skill set.

You can calculate a composite’s time-weighted return flawlessly, in line with the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®), using best-in-class methodologies. Yet if the only thing your audience walks away with is “we beat the benchmark,” you’ve left most of the value on the table.

This gap shows up all the time:

  • A client sees strong long-term returns but fixates on one bad quarter.
  • A consultant compares two managers with similar returns and can’t tell what truly differentiates them.
  • A prospect asks, “But how did you generate these results?”—and the answer is a wall of statistics.

The math is necessary. It’s just not sufficient.

Returns Answer What. Clients Care About Why.

Returns tell us what happened. Clients want to know why it happened—and whether it’s likely to happen again.

That’s where communication comes in. Good performance communication connects returns to:

  • The investment philosophy
  • The decision-making process
  • The risks taken (and avoided)
  • The type of prospect the strategy is designed for

This is exactly why performance evaluation doesn’t stop at returns in the CFA Institute’s CIPM curriculum. Measurement, attribution, and appraisal are distinct steps fora reason—each adds context that raw performance alone cannot provide. Without that context, returns become just numbers on a page.

The Role of Standards: Necessary, Not Narrative

The GIPS Standards exist to ensure performance is fairly represented and fully disclosed. They do an excellent job of standardizing how performance is calculated and what must be presented. But GIPS compliance doesn’t automatically make performance meaningful to the reader.

A GIPS Report answers questions like:

  • What was the annual return of the composite?
  • What was the annual return of the composite’s benchmark?
  • How volatile was the strategy compared to the benchmark?

It does not answer:

  • Why did this strategy struggle in down markets?
  • What risks did the manager consciously take?
  • How should an allocator think about using this strategy in a broader portfolio?

That’s not a flaw in the standards, it’s a reminder that communication sits on top of compliance, not inside it.

Risk Statistics: Where Stories Start (or Die)

One of the most common communication missteps is overloading clients with risk statistics without explaining what they actually mean or how they can be used to assess the active decisions made in your investment process.

Sharpe ratios, capture ratios, alpha, beta—they’re powerful information. But without interpretation, they’re just numbers.

For example:

  • A downside capture ratio below 100% isn’t impressive on its own.
  • It becomes compelling when you explain how intentionally implemented downside protection was achieved and what trade-offs were accepted in strong up-markets.

This is where performance communication turns data into insight—connecting risk statistics back to portfolio construction and decision-making. Too often, managers select statistics because they look good or because they’ve seen them used elsewhere, rather than because they align with their investment process and demonstrate how their active decisions add value. The most effective communicators use risk statistics intentionally, in the context of what they are trying to deliver to the investor.

We often see firms change the statistics show Your most powerful story may come from when your statistics show you’ve missed the mark. Explaining why and how you are correcting course demonstrates discipline, self-awareness and control.

Know Your Audience Before You Tell the Story

Before you dive into risk statistics, every manager should be asking themselves about their audience. This is where performance communication becomes strategic. Who are you actually talking to? The right performance story depends entirely on your target audience.

Institutional Prospects

Institutional clients and consultants often expect:

  • Detailed risk statistics
  • Benchmark-relative analysis
  • Attribution and metrics that demonstrate consistency
  • Clear articulation of where the strategy fits in a portfolio

They want to understand process, discipline, and risk control. Performance data must be presented with precision and context –grounded in methodology, repeatability and portfolio role. Often, GIPS compliance is a must. Speaking their language builds credibility and demonstrates that you respect the rigor of their decision-making process. It shows that you understand how they evaluate managers and that you are prepared to stand behind your process.

Retail or High-Net-Worth Individuals

Many individual investors don’t care about alpha or capture ratios in isolation. What they really want to know is:

  • Will this help me retire comfortably?
  • Can I afford that second home?
  • How confident should I feel during market downturns?

For this audience, the same performance data must be framed differently—around goals, outcomes, and peace of mind. Sharing how you track and report on these goals in your communication goes a long way in building trust. It signals that you are committed to their goals and will hold yourself accountable to them.  It reassures them that you are not just managing money, you’re protecting the lifestyle they are building.

Keep in mind that cultural differences also shape expectations. For example, US-based investors are primarily results oriented, while investors in Japan often expect deeper transparency into the process and inputs, wanting to understand and validate how those results were achieved.

Same Numbers. Different Story.

The mistake many firms make is assuming one performance narrative works for everyone. It doesn’t. Effective communication adapts:

  • The statistics you emphasize
  • The language you use
  • The level of detail you provide
  • The context you wrap around the results

The goal isn’t to simplify the truth, it’s to translate it to ensure it resonates with the person on the other side of the table.

The Best Performance Reports Tell a Coherent Story

Strong performance communication does three things well:

  1. It sets expectations
    Before showing numbers, it reminds the reader what the strategy is     designed to do—and just as importantly, what it’s not designed to     do.
  2. It     explains outcomes
        Attribution, risk metrics, and market context are used selectively to     explain results, not overwhelm the reader.
  3. It reinforces discipline
    Good communication shows consistency between philosophy, process, and performance—especially during periods of underperformance.

This doesn’t mean dumbing anything down. It means respecting the audience enough to guide them through the data.

Calculation Builds Credibility. Communication Builds Confidence.

Performance calculation earns you a seat at the table.
Performance communication earns trust.

Firms that master both don’t just report results—they help clients understand them, evaluate them, and believe in them.

In an industry where numbers are everywhere, clarity is often the true differentiator.

Key Takeaways from the 29th Annual GIPS® Standards Conference in Phoenix

The 29th Annual Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) Conference was held November 11–12, 2025, at the Sheraton Grand at Wild Horse Pass in Phoenix, Arizona—a beautiful desert resort and an ideal setting for two days of discussions on performance reporting, regulatory expectations, and practical implementation challenges. With no updates released to the GIPS standards this year, much of the content focused on application, interpretation, and the broader reporting and regulatory environment that surrounds the standards.

One of the few topics directly tied to GIPS compliance with a near-term impact relates to OCIO portfolios. Beginning with performance presentations that include periods through December 31, 2025, GIPS compliant firms with OCIO composites must present performance following a newly prescribed, standardized format. We published a high-level overview of these requirements previously.

The conference also covered related topics such as the SEC Marketing Rule, private fund reporting expectations, SEC exam trends, ethical challenges, and methodology consistency. Below are the themes and observations most relevant for firms today.

Are Changes Coming to the GIPS Standards in 2030?

Speakers emphasized that while no new GIPS standards updates were introduced this year, expectations for consistent, well-documented implementation continue to rise. Many attendee questions highlighted that challenges often stem more from inconsistent application or interpretation than from unclear requirements.

Several audience members also asked whether a “GIPS 2030” rewrite might be coming, similar to the major updates in 2010 and 2020. The CFA Institute and GIPS Technical Committee noted that:

    ·   No new version of the standards is currently in development,

     ·   A long-term review cycle is expected in the coming years, and

     ·   A future update is possible later this decade as the committee evaluates whether changes are warranted.

For now, the standards remain stable—giving firms a window to refine methodologies, tighten policies, and align practices across teams.

Performance Methodology Under the SEC Marketing Rule

The Marketing Rule featured prominently again this year, and presenters emphasized a familiar theme: firms must apply performance methodologies consistently when private fund results appear in advertising materials.

Importantly, these expectations do not come from prescriptive formulas within the rule. They stem from:

1.     The “fair and balanced” requirement,

2.     The Adopting Release, and

3.     SEC exam findings that view inconsistent methodology as potentially misleading.

Common issues raised included: presenting investment-level gross IRR alongside fund-level net IRR without explanation, treating subscription line financing differently in gross vs. net IRR, and inconsistently switching methodology across decks, funds, or periods.

To help firms void these pitfalls, speakers highlighted several expectations:

     ·   Clearly identify whether IRR is calculated at the investment level or fund level.

     ·   Use the same level of calculation for both gross and net IRR unless a clear, disclosed rationale exists.

     ·   Apply subscription line impacts consistently across both gross and net.

     ·   Label fund-level gross IRR clearly, if used(including gross returns is optional).

     ·   Ensure net IRR reflects all fees, expenses, and carried interest.

     ·   Disclose any intentional methodological differences clearly and prominently.

     ·   Document methodology choices in policies and apply them consistently across funds.

This remains one of the most frequently cited issues in SEC exam findings for private fund advisers. In short: the SEC does not mandate a specific methodology, but it does expect consistent, well-supported approaches that avoid misleading impressions.

Evolving Expectations in Private Fund Client Reporting

Although no new regulatory requirements were announced, presenters made it clear that limited partners expect more transparency than ever before. The session included an overview of the updated ILPA reporting template along with additional information related to its implementation. Themes included:

     ·   Clearer disclosure of fees and expenses,

     ·   Standardized IRR and MOIC reporting,

     ·   More detail around subscription line usage,

     ·   Attribution and dispersion that are easy to interpret, and

     ·   Alignment with ILPA reporting practices.

These are not formal requirements, but it’s clear the industry is moving toward more standardized and transparent reporting.

Practical Insights from SEC Exams—Including How Firms Should Approach Deficiency Letters

A recurring theme across the SEC exam sessions was the need for stronger alignment between what firms say in their policies and what they do in practice. Trends included:

     ·   More detailed reviews of fee and expense calculations, especially for private funds,

     ·   Larger sample requests for Marketing Rule materials,

     ·   Increased emphasis on substantiation of all claims, and

     ·   Close comparison of written procedures to actual workflows.

A particularly helpful part of the discussion focused on how firms should approach responding to SEC deficiency letters—something many advisers encounter at some point.

Christopher Mulligan, Partner at Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, offered a framework that resonated with many attendees. He explained that while the deficiency letter is addressed to the firm by the exam staff, the exam staff is not the primary audience when drafting the response.

The correct priority order is:

1. The SEC Enforcement Division

Enforcement should be able to read your response and quickly understand that: you fully grasp the issue, you have corrected or are correcting it, and nothing in the finding merits escalation.

Your first objective is to eliminate any concern that the issue rises to an enforcement matter.

2. Prospective Clients

Many allocators now request historical deficiency letters and responses during due diligence. The way the response is written—its tone, clarity, and thoroughness—can meaningfully influence how a firm is perceived.

A well-written response shows strong controls and a culture that takes compliance seriously.

3. The SEC Exam Staff

Although examiners issued the letter, they are the third audience. Their primary interest is acknowledgment and a clear explanation of the remediation steps.

Mulligan emphasized that firms often default to writing the response as if exam staff were the only audience. Reframing the response to keep the first two audiences in mind—enforcement and prospective clients—helps ensure the tone, clarity, and level of detail are appropriate and reduces both regulatory and reputational risk.

Final Thoughts

With no changes to the GIPS standards introduced this year, the 2025 conference in Phoenix served as a reminder that the real challenges involve consistency, documentation, and communication. OCIO providers in particular should be preparing for the upcoming effective date, and private fund managers continue to face rising expectations around transparent, well-supported performance reporting.

Across all sessions, a common theme emerged: clear methodology and strong internal processes are becoming just as important as the performance results themselves.

This is exactly where Longs Peak focuses its work. Our team specializes in helping firms document and implement practical, well-controlled investment performance frameworks—from IRR methodologies and composite construction to Marketing Rule compliance, fee and expense controls, and preparing for GIPS standards verification. We take the technical complexity and turn it into clear, operational processes that withstand both client due diligence and regulatory scrutiny.

If you’d like to discuss how we can help strengthen your performance reporting or compliance program, we’d be happy to talk. Contact us.

From Compliance to Growth: How the GIPS® Standards Help Investment Firms Unlock New Opportunities

For many investment managers, the first barrier to growth isn’t performance—it’s proof.
When platforms, consultants, and institutional investors evaluate new strategies, they’re not just asking how well you perform; they’re asking how you measure and present those results.

That’s where the GIPS® standards come in.

More and more investment platforms and allocators now require firms to comply with the GIPS standards before they’ll even review a strategy. For firms seeking to expand their reach—whether through model delivery, SMAs, or institutional channels—GIPS compliance has become a passport to opportunity.

The Opportunity Behind Compliance

Becoming compliant with the GIPS standards is about more than checking a box. It’s about building credibility and transparency in a way that resonates with today’s due diligence standards.

When a firm claims compliance with the GIPS standards, it demonstrates that its performance is calculated and presented according to globally recognized ethical principles—ensuring full disclosure and fair representation. This helps level the playing field for managers of all sizes, giving them a chance to compete where it matters most: on results and consistency.

In short, GIPS compliance doesn’t just make your reporting more accurate—it makes your firm more credible and discoverable.

Turning Complexity Into Clarity

While the benefits are clear, the process can feel overwhelming. Between defining the firm, creating composites, documenting policies and procedures, and maintaining data accuracy—many teams struggle to find the time or expertise to get it right.

That’s where Longs Peak comes in.

We specialize in simplifying the process. Our team helps firms navigate every step—from initial readiness and composite construction to quarterly maintenance and ongoing training—so that compliance becomes a seamless part of operations rather than a burden on them.

As one of our clients put it, “Longs Peak helps us navigate GIPS compliance with ease. They spare us from the time and effort needed to interpret what the requirements mean and let us focus on implementation.”

Real Firms, Real Impact

We’ve seen firsthand how GIPS compliance can transform firms’ growth trajectories.

Take Genter Capital Management, for example. As David Klatt, CFA and his team prepared to expand into model delivery platforms, managing composites in accordance with the GIPS standards became increasingly complex. With Longs Peak’s customized composite maintenance system in place, Genter gained the confidence and operational efficiency they needed to access new platforms and relationships—many of which require firms to be GIPS compliant as a baseline.

Or consider Integris Wealth Management. After years of wanting to formalize their composite reporting, they finally made it happen with our support. As Jenna Reynolds from Integris shared:

“When I joined Integris over seven years ago, we knew we wanted to build out our composite reporting, but the complexity of the process felt overwhelming. Since partnering with Longs Peak in 2022, they’ve been instrumental in driving the project to completion. Our ongoing collaboration continues to be both productive and enjoyable.”

These are just two examples of what happens when compliance meets clarity—firms gain time back, confidence grows, and new business doors open.

Why It Matters—Compliance as a Strategic Advantage

At Longs Peak, we believe compliance with the GIPS standards isn’t a cost—it’s an investment.

By aligning your firm’s performance reporting with the GIPS standards, you gain:

  • Access to platforms and institutions that require GIPS compliant firms.
  • Credibility and trust in an increasingly competitive landscape.
  • Operational efficiency through consistent data and documented processes.
  • Scalability to support multiple strategies and distribution channels.

Simply put: compliance fuels confidence—and confidence drives growth.

Simplifying the Complex

At Longs Peak, we’ve helped over 250 firms and asset owners transform how they calculate, present, and communicate their investment performance. Our goal is simple: make compliance with the GIPS standards practical, transparent, and aligned with your firm’s growth goals.

Because when compliance works efficiently, it doesn’t slow your business down—it helps it reach further.

Ready to turn compliance into a growth advantage?

Let’s talk about how we can help your firm simplify the complex.

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