How to Survive a Verification Part 3: Verification Testing

Sean P. Gilligan, CFA, CPA, CIPM
Managing Partner
April 18, 2022
15 min
How to Survive a Verification Part 3: Verification Testing

This article is part three of a three-part series on how to survive a GIPS verification. If you haven’t had a chance to read parts one and two, we recommend reading those first. The first part covers tips and tricks for setting up your verification for success. The second part covers recommendations for kicking off the verification and provides context about the initial data requests made by the verifier.

In this article, we describe how to get through the actual verification testing, which tends to be the most time-consuming aspect of a GIPS verification. Specifically, we discuss how the testing sample is determined and then dive into the details of each major testing area. Plus, we include advice to help you determine what to provide to satisfy the verifier’s requests.

How the Testing Sample is Determined

The end goal of verification is the opinion letter that attests to “whether the firm's policies and procedures related to composite and pooled fund maintenance, as well as the calculation, presentation, and distribution of performance, have been designed in compliance with the GIPS standards and have been implemented on a firm-wide basis.”

At this stage, the verifier has already reviewed your firm’s GIPS policies and procedures and likely confirmed that they have been adequately designed. The focus now is on whether these policies have “been implemented on a firm-wide basis.”

To test this, a sample must be selected. The size of the sample depends primarily on three things:

  1. The number of portfolios managed
  2. The number of composites maintained  
  3. The verifier’s risk assessment of your firm

If you have had many errors in prior verifications or if your initial data provided to kick-off the verification had errors, the risk assessment will be high and the sample selection will likely be larger than average.

With that in mind, it is always a good idea to do your own review of your firm’s policies and procedures and data prior to providing anything to the verification firm. Even if issues were identified in the past, starting this pre-review now can help the current verification go faster and with less errors, potentially lowering the risk assessment and sample size for future verification periods.

What to expect with the Verification Testing Request

All verification firms are different in how they structure their testing process. They may have different names for the types of testing they do, but the main purpose is the same. The most typical types of testing include:

  • Membership Testing
    • Entry Testing
    • Exit Testing
    • Outlier Testing
  • Non-Discretionary Testing
  • Return and Market Value Testing

Before diving into pulling and providing the requested documents, it is important to review the full request to ensure you are clear on what the verifier is trying to confirm. When not sure what to provide, it may be helpful to have a call with the verifier to discuss what is available. Knowing exactly what the verifier is trying to prove out makes it much easier to provide meaningful support. Blindly providing documents that may not tell the full story of what’s happening with the selected portfolio may lead to more questions/follow up.

Keep in mind that, the verifier prefers reviewing the most independent information available. For example, a contract signed by the client is typically preferred over an internal memo, but signed documentation from the client is not always available. To give you an idea of how to determine what to provide, below is a hierarchy of the preferred support:

  1. Dated Correspondence Written or Signed by Client that Supports the Selected Testing Item
    • Contract and/or investment guidelines
    • Signed Investment Policy Statement
    • Termination letter
    • Email written by the client
  2. Dated Notes Written by your Firm at the Time the Selected Testing Item Occurred
    • Email from your firm to the client
    • Email sent internally documenting the issue selected for testing
    • CRM notes written by your firm
    • Memo written by your firm saved to the client’s file
  3. Written Explanation Created by Your Firm Now
    • A memo can be written now documenting support for the selected testing item. This is only acceptable if the person writing the memo has knowledge of the issue that can be documented to support the testing (e.g., a recollection of a verbal request from the client that was never documented) and if the other items above are not available. This should only be used in rare occasions as a last resort.

The following sections discuss each of the most common testing areas in more detail.

The purpose of membership testing is to confirm that portfolios are included in the correct composite for the correct time period, as determined by your firm’s GIPS policies and procedures. It is important to remember that any movement in and out of composites should always tie back to policies outlined in your firm’s GIPS policies and procedures and should not be made based on discretionary changes to a portfolio made by the portfolio manager. For the GIPS standards, the consistent application of policies is key!

Membership Testing

Entry Testing

The purpose of entry testing is to confirm that your firm has consistently followed your stated membership policies and procedures for including portfolios in composites. The verifier’s testing approach is adjusted to match your documented policies and procedures for portfolios entering a composite. Portfolio inclusion is typically triggered due to one of the following reasons:

  1. New portfolio opened
  2. Portfolio increased in size and now meets the minimum asset level of the composite
  3. Material restriction was removed from the portfolio
  4. Re-inclusion of a portfolio following a significant cash flow

When pulling supporting documents for the verifier, it is important to consider the reason the portfolio entered (or re-entered) the composite. When providing supporting documents, make sure the documents demonstrate the reason for inclusion and provide additional written commentary when necessary to help the verifier gain a full understanding of the situation. This will speed up the verification process as it will cut down on the need for follow-up questions.

In testing that your firm has consistently followed your stated membership policies and procedures for including portfolios in composites, the verifier is primarily focused on the timing and placement of portfolios entering a composite. Testing timing involves the verifier confirming your stated policy is being followed in terms of when the portfolio should enter the composite. Testing placement involves the verifier confirming that the portfolio is added to a composite that aligns with the portfolio’s investment objective.

To confirm the timing of a new portfolio’s inclusion, the verifier typically requests several documents, most commonly the account’s transaction summary and contract. The transaction summary provides information about when the new portfolio was funded, and when the portfolio manager started investing in discretionary assets. The contract is used to assess when the discretionary contract was signed by your client and ensure the timeline makes sense.

Placement can be a bit more complicated in terms of support. The verifier typically requests several standard documents to support the placement. This is not an all-inclusive list, but items requested to support placement can include contracts, investment policy statements, portfolio holdings, fee schedules, client correspondence, CRM system notes, and/or internal memos.

Exit Testing

Opposite of entry testing, exit testing is the verifier’s testing of portfolios that leave a composite. Before diving into the documents your verifier may request, it’s best to figure out why the selected portfolio is exiting the composite. This background knowledge will help you focus on the type of documentation to provide your verifier.

Because portfolios selected for exit testing are not joining a composite, there is no placement considerations in this testing like there is for entry testing. Therefore, exit testing focuses on the timing of a portfolio’s removal from the composite and ensuring the reason for removal is valid. Whether the account lost discretion, terminated, changed its mandate, or violated a composite-specific policy, the verifier will be looking to test the timing of the event.

The most common types of documentation that can support the removal include updated contracts, client correspondence, internal memos, and transaction summaries. The transaction summary will show the true timing of the change to the portfolio, but when discretion is lost or a mandate is changed the verifier will also be looking for support that this change was client driven, which cannot be supported by a transaction summary alone.

It is important to note that unless a composite is redefined or a composite policy is broken (such as the portfolio dropping below a minimum asset level) any movement of portfolios in or out of composites must be client-driven. That is, support for a portfolio exiting a composite should include documentation of a client requesting to terminate management, change the strategy, or add some kind of material restriction.

For example, a client request to hold high levels of cash because of declining market conditions may be a reason to remove the portfolio from the composite, if holding such cash moves the account to non-discretionary status (as outlined in your GIPS policies & procedures). Alternatively, if a portfolio manager used their discretion to deviate from the documented composite description (e.g., holding higher cash levels than described in its strategy due to adverse market conditions), this is not considered a valid reason to remove a portfolio from the composite.

Another form of membership testing is outlier testing. In this analysis, instead of evaluating the movement of portfolios in or out of a composite, the verifier assesses portfolios with performance that deviates from its peers. The purpose of this testing is to confirm that the portfolio is correctly included in the composite, despite the difference in performance.

Outlier Testing

Performance deviations can happen for several reasons and are not necessarily a problem. For example, the following are a handful of common reasons for performance deviations:

  1. A portfolio may have a large cash flow causing a temporary deviation. This is especially true for composites that do not have a significant cash flow policy
  2. A portfolio may contain different holdings than others in the composite, despite having the same objective
  3. Sometimes smaller portfolios may be more concentrated than larger portfolios (most commonly seen when the composite does not have a minimum asset level)
  4. A portfolio may be subject to client-mandated restrictions that the firm has deemed immaterial to the implementation of the strategy

The verifier will want to gain comfort that the investment mandate for the portfolio is in line with the composite strategy, any client-mandated restrictions are not material enough for the portfolio to be considered non-discretionary, and no composite policies have been broken relating to minimum asset levels, significant cash flows, etc. In these situations, an explanation should be provided to the verifier to help them understand why the portfolio belongs in the composite, despite having different performance for the month tested.

Please note that if a portfolio is performing differently than its peers because of a restriction, the verifier will want to confirm that the restriction is client-mandated and that it is not breaking any rules outlined in your firm's definition of discretion within your GIPS policies & procedures. If the restriction is material and breaks your firm’s rules for discretion, then the portfolio should not be in the composite and will need to be removed.

Non-Discretionary Testing

While membership testing focuses on portfolios in (or moving in and out of) composites, non-discretionary testing focuses on confirming that portfolios not in composites have a valid reason to be excluded.

Unless a portfolio is deemed non-discretionary, all fee-paying segregated accounts must be included in a composite. Any account excluded from all composites should have a client-driven reason for the exclusion (e.g., a material restriction or a request for a custom mandate). As mentioned, deviations from the strategy made by the portfolio manager’s discretion are not valid reasons to exclude accounts from composites.

The verifier’s sample of non-discretionary portfolios will come directly from your AUM report or list of non-discretionary portfolios. The verifier is typically looking for non-discretionary portfolios they have never tested (many verification firms track portfolios they have tested in prior years), larger non-discretionary portfolios, and non-discretionary portfolios with unique/different reasons listed for being excluded. Because the list of non-discretionary portfolios is a snap shot in time, it will likely include many exclusion reasons– whether it is a long-term restriction, short-term restriction, or a violation of composite policies like a minimum asset level or a significant cash flow policy.

In addition to providing the reason the portfolio is non-discretionary, common requests from a verifier include contracts, investment policy statements and portfolio holdings reports. Verifiers use contracts and investment policy statements to find any documented restrictions in the paperwork. Often, this is clearly outlined in these onboarding documents, but this is not always the case. If restrictions are not clearly documented in these files, the verifier will likely request CRM notes, email correspondence with the client, and/or an internal memo to document the restriction in place. A portfolio-holdings report typically is used to see if any noted restriction is evident in the holdings and management of the account.

Portfolio-Level Return Testing

There are two main goals of portfolio-level return testing:

  1. Confirmation that the input data used in the calculation can be independently supported
  2. Verification that the calculation methodology outlined in the firm’s GIPS policies and procedures can be applied to the input data to achieve materially the same performance result as your firm

For a firm-wide verification, verifiers will likely have you provide a sample of custodial records in addition to portfolio accounting system reports to gain comfort that the input data used in the performance calculations can be independently supported. If you are having a performance examination on a composite in addition to the firm-wide verification, then this sample will likely be greatly increased.

The verifier uses the portfolio’s custodial statement in conjunction with the corresponding system holdings report and transaction summary to confirm whether market values and transaction activity, including trades, cash flows, fees and expenses, match between the two documents. If there are differences in the timing or amounts of transactions, the verifier will likely have follow-up questions to gain and understanding as to why such differences exist. Lastly, the custodial statement can also be used to confirm whether the portfolio is paying commissions on a per-trade basis.

The portfolio’s fee schedule may also be requested. If the composite calculates net-of-fee returns using actual investment management fees, the verifier will look at the portfolio’s gross and net-of-fee returns to ensure they are in line with the portfolio’s fee schedule. If the spread between gross- and net-of-fee returns does not reconcile with the fee schedule, there will be follow-up questions to figure out why the difference exists and if there are any other fees/expenses impacting the returns that need to be considered.

If your composite net-of-fee returns are calculated with model fees, the verifier will compare the provided fee schedule against the applied model fee. If the model fee is higher than the provided fee schedule, there will likely be no further questions. However, if the fee schedule is higher than the applied model fee, the verifier will likely need to do some alternative testing to ensure that the model fee applied is appropriate.

Once the input data is validated, the verifier will apply the calculation methodology outlined in your firm’s GIPS policies and procedures to confirm they can achieve materially the same performance results. Specifically, the verifier is looking at the treatment of external cash flows, fees, withholdings tax, and interest and dividend accruals to ensure the treatment of each meets the requirements of the GIPS standards and matches your firm’s policies and procedures.

If the verifier is unable to recalculate the returns following the methodology outlined in your GIPS policies and procedures and you believe the timing and amount of all transactions are consistent between your system and what the verifier is using, you should double check that your policies accurately describe your current system settings. For example, have you accurately documented whether external cash flows are accounted for as of the beginning of day or end of day, whether dividends are accounted for as of ex-date or payment date, whether performance is reduced by withholdings taxes, what size cash flows trigger revaluation, or any other settings that could trigger a difference in the performance calculation?

This is an important part of the verification testing as it confirms that an appropriate calculation methodology, acceptable under the requirements of the GIPS standards, has been consistently applied to the portfolios across your firm. Any material differences identified in this testing will need to be resolved before the verification can be completed.

Wrapping up the Verification

Once all testing procedures are complete, most verification firms will conduct their own internal quality control review to ensure the engagement team adequately addressed all testing items before officially signing-off. During this review some additional questions may arise to satisfy the reviewer, but the testing should be materially complete at this point. It is helpful if you can be prepared to answer questions and provide any last-minute document requests in a timely fashion to help move the project across the finish line.

Once all internal reviews have been completed and signed off, the verifier will send a representation letter to your firm. The representation letter is essentially a request for your firm’s attestation that, to the best of your knowledge, everything provided during the verification was accurate and complete. This is a necessary step that all verification firms require you to complete before the verification opinion letter can be issued.

After the representations letter has been attested to by your firm, the opinion letter should be issued shortly thereafter. This wraps up your verification project. Time to celebrate with your team and hopefully enjoy a bit of time away from the verification project before the next annual project begins.

One final recommendation is to have a debrief with your team and any consultants you work with to maintain GIPS compliance. Discuss what went well and what areas held up the verification project. If any areas held up the timeline, this is a good opportunity to consider ways to improve procedures and ongoing composite/data reviews. Planning ahead and implementing improved processes based on what was learned during the verification will help future verifications continue to get smoother over time.

Conclusion

The challenges faced when going through a GIPS verification can vary depending on your firm’s structure/size, the types of products you manage, and the verification firm used. This series was intended to provide a general overview of the most typical verification process and share tips and tricks for helping simplify your verification. If you have questions unique to your verification that we did not cover, please reach out to us to learn more. If you need assistance with a GIPS compliance, Longs Peak is here to help. We have helped hundreds of firms become GIPS complaint and maintain that compliance on an ongoing basis. We are happy to assist your firm with all of its needs relating to the calculation and presentation of investment performance.

You can email matt@longspeakadvisory.com or sean@longpseakadvisory.com with questions or check out our website for more information.

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Most firms that decide to pursue compliance with the Performance Standards (GIPS®) already understand why it matters. They know institutional investors and consultants often expect it. They understand the credibility that comes from standardized, transparent performance reporting. And they recognize that a strong performance reporting process can improve internal consistency well beyond marketing.

What many firms struggle with is not the “why,” but the“how.”

The GIPS standards can be especially intimidating at first glance. There are detailed requirements, technical terminology, and a long list of considerations that touch everything from performance, to operations, compliance, and marketing. For firms approaching GIPS compliance for the first time, it is easy to feel like they need to solve everything at once.

Whether working independently or with external GIPS support,becoming GIPS compliant is significantly more manageable when approachedthrough a structured process.

At a high level, implementing the GIPS standards comes down to four major phases:

  1. Define the firm and scope the universe of portfolios
  2. Build policies and procedures
  3. Construct composites and calculate performance
  4. Create GIPS Reports and establish ongoing monitoring controls

The order matters more than many firms realize. When the foundation is built correctly at the beginning, the downstream work becomes significantly easier. For a broader overview of what the GIPS standards are and why firms choose to comply, see our earlier post, What Are the GIPS Standards?

Phase 1: Define the Firm and Scope Your Universe

Before constructing composites or calculating returns, firms first need to define the “firm” for the purpose of claiming compliance with the GIPS standards. This sounds simple, but it is often one of the most important decisions in the entire implementation process.

The GIPS standards require compliance on a firm-wide basis. Firms cannot selectively apply compliance to only their best-performing strategies or business lines. The firm definition determines which portfolios fall within the scope of compliance and ultimately impacts composite construction, total firm assets, disclosures, and marketing claims.

For smaller organizations, this step is often straightforward. The legal entity, branding, regulatory registration, and operational structure are usually aligned. In those situations, the firm definition may be relatively easy to document.

For larger organizations with complex legal structures or ones that operate under multiple brands, the analysis can become significantly more complex.

The following questions should be considered:

  • How is the firm held out to the public?
  • Do affiliates or subsidiaries share investment personnel or investment decision-making?
  • How are the various entities registered and branded relative to one another? 
  • How are investment strategies actually managed across entities?

The answer to these questions matters because the firm definition affects everything that follows. For complex organizations, it is worth investing real time here and involving compliance and legal teams before any other work begins.

Once the firm is defined, the next step is performing a full inventory of assets (or portfolios) that fall within the defined firm. That includes discretionary accounts, non-discretionary accounts, pooled funds, terminated portfolios, and any other assets managed by the firm over the entire period for which the firm will claim compliance.

One of the most common implementation mistakes is discovering late in the process that certain portfolios were overlooked or incorrectly categorized. Taking the time upfront to fully scope the universe of portfolios prevents significant cleanup work later on.

Phase 2: Build Your GIPS Standards Policies & Procedures Manual

The next step is building the firm’s GIPS standards policies and procedures manual, often referred to as the GIPS standards “P&P.”

The GIPS standards require firms to document the policies and procedures used to comply with all applicable requirements. But beyond satisfying the standards themselves, strong documentation creates consistency across operations, compliance, marketing, and portfolio management teams. Your GIPS standards P&P becomes the operational blueprint for how your firm calculates performance and maintains GIPS compliance. When drafted thoughtfully, ongoing maintenance becomes manageable. Firms that rush this phase often find themselves cleaning up problems indefinitely.

 

A well-designed P&P typically addresses the following:

  • Firm definition
  • Definition of discretion
  • Composite construction rules
  • Treatment of significant cash flows and composite minimums
  • Calculation methodologies
  • Fair valuation hierarchy
  • Error correction procedures
  • Books and records retention
  • GIPS Report distribution policies
  • Benchmark selection and changes
  • Fee schedules and policies for the use of actual or model fees

The definition of discretion deserves particular attention. Under the GIPS standards, discretion is not the same thing as having legal discretion documented in the investment management agreement. A client may impose restrictions that prevent full implementation of the strategy, and if those restrictions are significant enough, the portfolio should be classified as non-discretionary under the GIPS standards. Firms should establish objective criteria that can be applied consistently across portfolios and clearly document those criteria within their P&P. This determination has a direct impact on composite construction, as only portfolios deemed discretionary maybe included in composites, while non-discretionary portfolios must be excluded.

Calculation methodology should also be clearly addressed within the P&P. Firms should define how external cash flows are handled, the methodology used to asset-weight portfolios within composites, and whether any composites are subject to minimum asset levels or significant cash flow policies. For a more detailed discussion of large cash flow policies versus significant cash flow policies—and why both matter—see our post Large vs. Significant Cash Flows: What’s the Difference? These methodologies should be clearly documented.

Finally, firms often do not devote enough attention to developing their error correction policy during implementation. The GIPS standards require firms to establish materiality thresholds in advance that determine what actions must be taken when an error is identified. The time to think through that process is before an error occurs, not in the middle of responding to one.

We often find that this is the phase where firms realize that implementing GIPS compliance is not just a performance reporting exercise. It frequently exposes inconsistencies in operational workflows, account coding, historical records, or portfolio classifications. That is not necessarily a bad thing. It allows you to intentionally strengthen processes and reporting before those issues surface in higher-stakes situations such as verification, a regulatory examination, or investor due diligence.

One of the biggest hidden benefits of the GIPS compliance implementation process is that it forces firms to formalize processes that may have evolved informally over time. Many firms come out of the GIPS compliance implementation process with cleaner data, stronger internal controls, and more consistency across teams.

The key is to make the policies practical. The best GIPS standards P&Ps are not written purely for regulators or verifiers. They are designed to reflect what the firm actually does in practice and to provide internal teams with a framework they can follow consistently.

Phase 3: Construct Composites and Calculate Performance

Once your policies and procedures are in place, firms can begin the process of constructing composites and calculating performance. This is the phase most firms typically associate with GIPS compliance because it is where the visible performance reporting work happens. At this point, much of the difficult decision-making should already be complete. Composite construction is next and while that may sound straightforward conceptually, this is the phase where most firms get stuck in the implementation process.

Under the GIPS standards, discretionary portfolios must be grouped into composites based on similar investment mandates. The goal is to ensure firms present strategy-level performance fairly and consistently instead of selectively highlighting individual account results. The construction process typically has four steps:

  1. Identify every portfolio that meets the composite definition
  2. Determine the correct dates each portfolio should be in and out of the composite
  3. Asset-weight the portfolio-level monthly returns to produce composite-level performance
  4. Calculate all required composite-level statistics, including internal dispersion and the three-year annualized ex-post standard deviation of both the composite and the benchmark

It sounds simple, but it’s not always easy. The data work alone is substantial. Before anything meaningful can be built, the underlying portfolio-level data must be reviewed to ensure it is reconciled and accurate. That foundation matters because everything downstream depends on it.

The historical composite membership analysis adds another layer of complexity. Strategies evolve. Clients add or remove restrictions. Portfolios change mandates. When building a composite with a ten-year history, the question is not simply which portfolios belong in the composite today. Itis which portfolios belonged in the composite during each period in the historical record, and why. Working through that analysis portfolio by portfolio and period by period requires both strong documentation and sound judgment.

The good news is that there are tools available to help firms identify historical performance outliers to help test if composite inclusion was accurate. When a portfolio within a composite posts a return that deviates meaningfully from its peers during a given period, that deviation can be identified for further research. Was there a client-imposed restriction during that period that prevented full implementation of the strategy (i.e., making it non-discretionary)? Or was the deviation driven by a large cash flow, different starting position, security-specific activity, or simply the normal variation expected across portfolios managed within the same strategy? The answer determines whether the portfolio appropriately belongs in the composite for that period, and the wrong conclusion in either direction can undermine the integrity of the track record.

It is also important to be direct about the limits of technology in this process. Software can identify anomalies, efficiently perform calculations, and output results once the inputs are correct, but no system makes judgment calls. Determining how composites should be defined, how discretion should be applied, what constitutes a significant restriction, and how to evaluate edge cases in historical membership all require experienced professionals who understand both the investment strategies and the GIPS standards. The policies documented in Phase 2 provide the framework but applying that framework consistently across real portfolios and real historical circumstances requires thoughtful human judgment at every step.

Perhaps most importantly, composite construction should not be treated purely as an operations exercise. If composites are built solely around how data happens to be structured within the portfolio accounting system, without input from the investment team and without alignment with sales and marketing, the result may be operationally convenient but commercially ineffective. Bringing together operations, performance, investment professionals, and sales and marketing teams early in the process is essential. That collaboration is what ultimately produces results that are not only GIPS compliant, but also meaningful, defensible, and aligned with how the firm communicates its investment approach.

Phase 4: Create GIPS Reports and Go Live

The final phase of becoming compliant is creating the GIPS Composite Report(s). The GIPS Report is the firm’s external-facing proof of compliance and is a presentation that must be provided to every prospective client. Getting to this stage is what most people think of as going live, but in practice it is a milestone, not the finish line.

GIPS Reports require more than simply presenting returns in a table. Firms must include required statistics, disclosures, benchmark information, and firm-level details necessary for prospective clients to properly interpret the results. The disclosures are especially important because they provide context investors need to understand how the performance was calculated and what the results represent. They are very specific and must be in sync with what is documented in the P&P and what was performed to construct the composites. For more specifics on what is required, see our previous post, How to Update Your GIPS Reports for the 2020 GIPS Standards.

Once the GIPS Reports are complete and all requirements have been met, the final administrative step to claiming compliance is submitting the GIPS Compliance Notification Form to CFA Institute. This must be filed before compliance can be claimed, and it must be renewed annually.

Ongoing Maintenance: Where Most Firms Struggle

Getting to compliance is an achievement. Staying there requires consistent operational discipline.

The most common breakdowns in ongoing maintenance are rarely dramatic failures. More often, they are small process gaps that compound over time. Portfolios that should have been added to composites were omitted or added late. Significant cash flows were not handled in accordance with the composite’s policy. A new strategy was launched without formally determining whether it warranted the creation of a new composite.

To avoid these breakdowns, firms should incorporate GIPS compliance procedures into their regular monthly or quarterly performance processes rather than treating compliance as an annual reporting exercise. Clear ownership should be assigned internally and firms should establish a recurring compliance calendar that includes monthly composite reviews and annual GIPS Report updates. The GIPS standards policy manual should also be reviewed at least annually to confirm it continues to reflect how the firm actually operates. For a deeper look at what effective ongoing governance looks like in practice, see our post What Good GIPS Compliance Governance Looks Like in Practice.

Should You Get Verified

Verification is not required. Firms that are early in the process sometimes view this as a bigger decision than it needs to be. If a firm chooses to pursue verification, it must be performed by an independent third party, but the decision itself is entirely voluntary.

That said, verification is generally worthwhile, particularly for firms competing for institutional mandates where GIPS compliance is often considered table stakes. According to eVestment, two out of three searches conducted in their database by investors or consultants exclude firms that are not GIPS compliant, so the marketing benefit can be meaningful. Verification also provides an added level of assurance that the firm’s policies and procedures have been designed in accordance with the GIPS standards and implemented consistently across the organization. Operationally, it can create valuable discipline as well, since the expectation of independent review encourages firms to maintain strong processes throughout the year.

For firms that are newer to compliance or navigating budget constraints, the best path is often to first establish a solid compliance foundation and then pursue verification when the timing makes sense. We have also worked alongside nearly every major verifier in the industry and can provide practical insight into how different firms approach the process, what working styles may align best with your organization, and how to evaluate which verifier may be the best fit for your needs. For a more detailed walkthrough of the process, see our series on How to Survive a GIPS Verification.

Final Thoughts

Becoming GIPS compliant can feel overwhelming at the start, especially when going through it for the first time. But it does not have to be. For firms that approach implementation as a structured operational framework — rather than a collection of isolated technical requirements —typically find the process much more manageable.

The goal is not simply to produce a compliant presentation. The real value comes from building a repeatable, transparent, and defensible framework for calculating and presenting investment performance.

When implemented thoughtfully, the GIPS standards do more than support marketing efforts. They help firms improve consistency, strengthen controls, and communicate performance results with greater credibility and transparency. And in an environment where investors continue to demand greater transparency and comparability, those operational improvements can provide a meaningful competitive advantage, strengthening both credibility and investor confidence.

Mission-driven institutions are entrusted with something larger than capital. They are entrusted with purpose.

Endowments, foundations, and long-term investment pools exist to support education, healthcare, research, environmental initiatives, religious or cultural programs, community development, and countless other causes—often for generations.

That long-term horizon changes how investment performance should be reported. Because when an institution thinks in decades instead of quarters, investment performance is not just about what happened recently, itis about whether the portfolio is structured to sustain spending, preserve purchasing power, and remain aligned with its mission through full market cycles.

Many institutions rely entirely on their investment managers to calculate and present investment performance. That’s common, but it’s not always sufficient.

Performance Oversight Is Not the Same as Performance Results

Investment managers are responsible for generating returns. Boards and oversight committees are responsible for evaluating those results.

Those responsibilities are distinct.

Oversight is a fiduciary duty. It is not passive, and it cannot rely solely on the information created by the party being evaluated. Effective oversight requires independence, consistency, and clarity.

When the same party both manages assets and determines how performance is calculated and presented, the lines between management and oversight can blur—even when intentions are sound and calculations are technically accurate.

In some situations, reporting may not be:

  • Consistent across managers
  • Based on uniform calculation methodologies
  • Presented in a format designed for governance review
  • Structured to facilitate long-term policy evaluation

Consider a board reviewing results from three different managers. Each reports strong performance, but one calculates returns net-of-fees, another presents gross results, and a third uses slightly different valuation timing.

At first glance, the numbers appear comparable. In reality, they may not be measuring the same thing.

Some larger institutions maintain internal performance teams or engage independent performance professionals to standardize reporting, organize data across managers, and present results in accordance with established best practices—often aligning reporting with their Investment Policy Statement and/or recognized frameworks such as the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS® standards).

But many of these organizations operate lean. They may not have dedicated performance measurement expertise or the infrastructure required to consolidate, normalize, and present results in a governance-ready format.

In those cases, boards are often reviewing manager-produced materials that were designed primarily for client communication—not institutional oversight. Performance reporting for these institutions should be designed to serve the governing body—not simply to showcase results.

Why This Matters for Mission-Based Institutions

Boards of endowments and foundations are often composed of dedicated volunteers, philanthropists, community leaders, and subject-matter experts. They bring vision, experience, and commitment to the institution’s mission—but not always a deep understanding of investment management and reporting.

That makes investment performance clarity essential. When reporting is unclear, oversight weakens—not because trustees lack commitment, but because the information is not presented in a way that supports meaningful evaluation.

When reporting is structured and tied directly to policy benchmarks, risk parameters, and spending objectives, trustees know what questions to ask. Conversations remain focused on long-term sustainability and mission impact.

A Practical Framework for Strong Performance Reporting

Boards of mission-driven institutions are often operating at the governance-level and should evaluate their reporting structure against four questions:

1. Is performance calculated independently?

Independent calculation or oversight reduces potential conflicts and strengthens fiduciary governance. In institutional investing, separating portfolio management from performance oversight is widely viewed as a best practice.

2. Is the methodology consistent across managers?

Multi-manager portfolios require uniform return calculation, fee treatment, and valuation policies to ensure comparability. Without consistency, “relative performance” becomes difficult to interpret.

One practical way institutions address this challenge is by complying with and requiring their managers to comply with the GIPS® standards.

The GIPS standards are a globally recognized framework administered by CFA Institute designed to promote fair representation and full disclosure in the calculation and presentation of investment performance.

Endowments and foundations that adopt the GIPS standards for their own performance calculations—and require the same of the managers they hire—send a powerful message to their boards and stakeholders that the institution is committed to transparency in how results are calculated and presented.  

3. Is reporting aligned with policy benchmarks?

Boards should see performance relative to long-term policy objectives, not just absolute returns. And this information should be shown at the level at which it is managed. Simply reporting that “the portfolio returned 8%” does not answer the real governance question.

A portfolio can have a positive year and still fail to meet its strategic role within the overall allocation.

For example:

  • Did the equity allocation meet its return objective relative to its benchmark?
  • Did the diversifying strategies provide the downside protection they were intended to deliver?
  • Did fixed income serve its role as a stabilizer?
  • Did alternative investments justify their complexity and liquidity constraints?

Even if the overall portfolio met its expected return, boards should understand how it got there. Reviewing performance by allocation allows boards to evaluate whether each segment is fulfilling its mandate, not just whether the total return looks acceptable.

When reported this way, it becomes easier to see where the portfolio is meeting expectations and where it may be falling short.

4. Is communication designed for governance?

Once performance is aligned to policy benchmarks, reporting should help trustees interpret what the results mean without requiring them to operate at the manager or security-selection level.

Reports should help answer key questions:

·        Are we meeting long-term objectives?

·        How are managers performing relative to their mandates?

·        Is risk aligned with the investment policy?

·        Are we preserving capital appropriately given our spending needs?

·        Did managers follow investment guidelines that align with our institution’s mission?

If any of these areas underperform, governance-level reporting should prompt clear, high-level discussion: Why did this occur? Was the result consistent with expectations? What steps, if any, are being considered to address issues going forward? If shortfalls persist, boards may need to evaluate whether the strategy or manager remains appropriate.

This kind of oversight strengthens outcomes by reinforcing accountability. Performance reporting should be communicated in plain language and simplify complex data into clear actionable insight. When this occurs, it enables boards to move from procedural review toward informed, effective governance.

From Calculation to Communication

Accurate returns are the starting point. Clear communicationis the outcome.

When performance calculation, oversight, and presentation are thoughtfully structured, board discussions become more strategic and less reactive. Boards gain confidence in their oversight, managers operate within clearer expectations, and the institution stays focused on its purpose.

A Closing Thought

Mission-driven institutions think in decades, not quarters. Their performance reporting should reflect that same discipline. Investment oversight is not just about generating returns, it is about ensuring those returns are measured, understood, and aligned with the institution’s long-term purpose.

Clear reporting strengthens governance.
Strong governance protects sustainability.
And sustainability protects the mission.

If you’ve been around the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) long enough, you know that governance is one of those topics everyone agrees is important, but far fewer firms can clearly explain what good governance with the GIPS standards actually looks like day to day.

Most firms don’t fail at GIPS compliance because they misunderstand a technical requirement. They struggle because ownership is unclear, decisions are informal, or key knowledge lives in one person’s head. When that person leaves (or when the firm grows) things start to break.

So, let’s simplify this.

Below is a practical, real-world view of what good governance looks like when complying with the GIPS standards—not in theory, not in a policy document that no one reads, but in how well-run firms actually operate.

Start with the Right Mindset: Governance Is About Sustainability

At its core, GIPS compliance exists to answer one question:

Can this firm consistently calculate, maintain, and present performance fairly and accurately—regardless of growth, staff changes, or market stress?

The GIPS standards are built on the principles of fair representation and full disclosure, but governance is what turns those principles into repeatable behavior. Good governance doesn’t mean more paperwork or compliance headaches. It means clear accountability, documented decisions, and controls that actually get used.

1. Clear Ownership (It’s Rarely Just One Person)

One of the most common governance risks we see is a “GIPS compliance department of one” where critical knowledge, decisions, and processes are concentrated with a single individual. While this can work in the short term, it creates challenges around continuity, oversight, and scalability as the firm grows or changes.

Good governance starts by clearly defining:

  • Who owns GIPS compliance overall
  • Who performs monthly/quarterly/annual tasks
  • Who reviews and approves key inputs/outputs
  • Who resolves judgment calls
  • Who ensures it also complies with other relevant regulations  

In practice, this often looks like:

  • A GIPS compliance committee or designated governance group
  • Representation from performance, compliance, operations, and senior management
  • Defined escalation paths for gray areas (e.g., discretion, composite changes, error corrections)

When a firm isn’t large enough to support a formal committee, outsourcing to a GIPS compliance consultant or a provider of managed services can be an effective alternative. These individuals can help you design policies, create procedures, and essentially manage governance for you.

But even if you are big enough, having an independent third party on your GIPS compliance committee can provide an objective, well-informed perspective formed by experience across many firms and a deep understanding of what works well in practice.

2. Policies and Procedures That Reflect Reality

Every GIPS compliant firm has GIPS standards policies and procedures (GIPS standards P&P). Well-governed firms actually use them.

Strong GIPS compliance governance means your GIPS standards P&P:

  • Include procedures your firm actually follows instead of only stating policies
  • Reflect how performance is really calculated
  • Clearly document firm-specific elections and judgments
  • Are updated when the business changes (for new products, systems, asset classes)

 

Think of your GIPS standards P&P as the firm’s operating manual for performance, not a static compliance artifact. If someone new joined your performance team tomorrow, they should be able to follow your policies and procedures to calculate performance and arrive at the same results. If not, governance needs work.

3. Formalized Review and Oversight

Good governance includes independent review, even if it’s internal.

In practice, this often means:

  • Secondary review of composite membership decisions
  • Review of significant cash flow thresholds and discretion determinations
  • Approval of new composites and composite definition changes
  • Oversight of error identification and correction

 

This is where governance protects firms from subtle but costly mistakes, especially those that show up during verification and increase complexity and scope of these engagements. In an ideal situation, these internal reviews should catch issues before they become problems.

As a provider of managed services, Longs Peak helps firms identify performance outliers, accounts that are breaking composite rules, and other data anomalies. This review significantly reduces the risk of erroneous data ending up in your performance and later caught in verification. If you are not able to do this internally, we strongly recommend outsourcing this effort.

4. Governance Extends to Marketing and Distribution

One area that has been increasingly important is the intersection of GIPS compliance, the SEC marketing rule, and how you manage the distribution of marketing materials.

Well-governed firms:

  • Control who can distribute GIPS Reports and how they are distributed
  • Ensure Marketing understands what is and is not an advertisement that meets the requirements of the GIPS standards
  • Coordinate GIPS compliance requirements with broader regulatory rules, including the SEC marketing rule
  • Have a clear process for tracking distribution

 

This alignment helps firms avoid inconsistencies between factsheets, pitchbooks, and GIPS Reports—one of the fastest ways to lose credibility with prospects and regulators.

Some clients prefer not to mention GIPS compliance at all in their marketing (i.e., on their factsheets and pitchbooks) until a client is clearly interested in one of their strategies. Once they meet the definition of a prospect (as outlined in your GIPS standards P&P), it triggers the requirement to send a GIPS Report and they find this smaller list of prospects easier to maintain. For others, having everything in one document including required GIPS compliance information and disclosures is easier to manage than separate documents.

There is no “right” way to manage this, but in either case, having a clear process for tracking and reporting performance errors is key.

5. Documentation of Decisions (Not Just Results)

Here’s a subtle but critical point: Good governance for your GIPS compliance program documents decisions, not just outcomes.

Why was that composite redefined?
Why was this benchmark changed?

Why was this model fee selected?

Strong governance creates an audit trail that:

  • Supports sound reasoning (which aides in the verification process or even regulatory exams later on)
  • Reduces key person risk
  • Makes future reviews faster and less stressful

 

This is especially valuable when firms grow, merge, or experience turnover. Clear documentation allows others to step in seamlessly and continue critical functions without disruption. More importantly, it enables independent parties, such as a regulator or your verifier, to understand, assess, and validate how you are calculating and presenting performance that may not be immediately intuitive.

6. Governance Is Ongoing, Not a One-Time Project

The best-governed firms don’t “set and forget” their GIPS compliance program. They revisit governance when:

  • New strategies launch
  • Systems or custodians change
  • Regulations evolve
  • The firm’s structure changes

In other words, governance evolves with the business—because performance reporting doesn’t exist in a vacuum.

Even for firms that are not regularly launching new strategies, changing systems or structure, an annual review of your GIPS compliance program and governance framework is critical. This review helps confirm that practices have remained consistent, while also providing an opportunity to reflect on whether you are satisfied with your verifier, assess whether new regulations require updates, and reconsider how composites are managed or described.

The best time to do this is at year-end so that if you decide something should be changed, you can do that proactively for the upcoming year, rather than having to fix it retroactively.

What Good GIPS Compliance Governance Really Buys You

When GIPS compliance governance is working well, firms experience:

  • A structured, intentional process for validation of your performance results
  • A framework that supports consistency and transparency over time
  • Fewer surprises or last-minute scrambles during verification or regulatory review
  • Greater confidence from regulators and verifiers that you are following established policies and procedures
  • Lower operational and reputational risk

 

Most importantly, it creates trust internally and externally. Good GIPS compliance governance isn’t about being perfect. It’s about being intentional.

Clear ownership. Thoughtful documentation. Real oversight. Those are the firms that don’t just claim compliance, they live it.