How to Survive a Verification Part 3: Verification Testing

Sean P. Gilligan, CFA, CPA, CIPM
Managing Partner
April 18, 2022
15 min
How to Survive a Verification Part 3: Verification Testing

This article is part three of a three-part series on how to survive a GIPS verification. If you haven’t had a chance to read parts one and two, we recommend reading those first. The first part covers tips and tricks for setting up your verification for success. The second part covers recommendations for kicking off the verification and provides context about the initial data requests made by the verifier.

In this article, we describe how to get through the actual verification testing, which tends to be the most time-consuming aspect of a GIPS verification. Specifically, we discuss how the testing sample is determined and then dive into the details of each major testing area. Plus, we include advice to help you determine what to provide to satisfy the verifier’s requests.

How the Testing Sample is Determined

The end goal of verification is the opinion letter that attests to “whether the firm's policies and procedures related to composite and pooled fund maintenance, as well as the calculation, presentation, and distribution of performance, have been designed in compliance with the GIPS standards and have been implemented on a firm-wide basis.”

At this stage, the verifier has already reviewed your firm’s GIPS policies and procedures and likely confirmed that they have been adequately designed. The focus now is on whether these policies have “been implemented on a firm-wide basis.”

To test this, a sample must be selected. The size of the sample depends primarily on three things:

  1. The number of portfolios managed
  2. The number of composites maintained  
  3. The verifier’s risk assessment of your firm

If you have had many errors in prior verifications or if your initial data provided to kick-off the verification had errors, the risk assessment will be high and the sample selection will likely be larger than average.

With that in mind, it is always a good idea to do your own review of your firm’s policies and procedures and data prior to providing anything to the verification firm. Even if issues were identified in the past, starting this pre-review now can help the current verification go faster and with less errors, potentially lowering the risk assessment and sample size for future verification periods.

What to expect with the Verification Testing Request

All verification firms are different in how they structure their testing process. They may have different names for the types of testing they do, but the main purpose is the same. The most typical types of testing include:

  • Membership Testing
    • Entry Testing
    • Exit Testing
    • Outlier Testing
  • Non-Discretionary Testing
  • Return and Market Value Testing

Before diving into pulling and providing the requested documents, it is important to review the full request to ensure you are clear on what the verifier is trying to confirm. When not sure what to provide, it may be helpful to have a call with the verifier to discuss what is available. Knowing exactly what the verifier is trying to prove out makes it much easier to provide meaningful support. Blindly providing documents that may not tell the full story of what’s happening with the selected portfolio may lead to more questions/follow up.

Keep in mind that, the verifier prefers reviewing the most independent information available. For example, a contract signed by the client is typically preferred over an internal memo, but signed documentation from the client is not always available. To give you an idea of how to determine what to provide, below is a hierarchy of the preferred support:

  1. Dated Correspondence Written or Signed by Client that Supports the Selected Testing Item
    • Contract and/or investment guidelines
    • Signed Investment Policy Statement
    • Termination letter
    • Email written by the client
  2. Dated Notes Written by your Firm at the Time the Selected Testing Item Occurred
    • Email from your firm to the client
    • Email sent internally documenting the issue selected for testing
    • CRM notes written by your firm
    • Memo written by your firm saved to the client’s file
  3. Written Explanation Created by Your Firm Now
    • A memo can be written now documenting support for the selected testing item. This is only acceptable if the person writing the memo has knowledge of the issue that can be documented to support the testing (e.g., a recollection of a verbal request from the client that was never documented) and if the other items above are not available. This should only be used in rare occasions as a last resort.

The following sections discuss each of the most common testing areas in more detail.

The purpose of membership testing is to confirm that portfolios are included in the correct composite for the correct time period, as determined by your firm’s GIPS policies and procedures. It is important to remember that any movement in and out of composites should always tie back to policies outlined in your firm’s GIPS policies and procedures and should not be made based on discretionary changes to a portfolio made by the portfolio manager. For the GIPS standards, the consistent application of policies is key!

Membership Testing

Entry Testing

The purpose of entry testing is to confirm that your firm has consistently followed your stated membership policies and procedures for including portfolios in composites. The verifier’s testing approach is adjusted to match your documented policies and procedures for portfolios entering a composite. Portfolio inclusion is typically triggered due to one of the following reasons:

  1. New portfolio opened
  2. Portfolio increased in size and now meets the minimum asset level of the composite
  3. Material restriction was removed from the portfolio
  4. Re-inclusion of a portfolio following a significant cash flow

When pulling supporting documents for the verifier, it is important to consider the reason the portfolio entered (or re-entered) the composite. When providing supporting documents, make sure the documents demonstrate the reason for inclusion and provide additional written commentary when necessary to help the verifier gain a full understanding of the situation. This will speed up the verification process as it will cut down on the need for follow-up questions.

In testing that your firm has consistently followed your stated membership policies and procedures for including portfolios in composites, the verifier is primarily focused on the timing and placement of portfolios entering a composite. Testing timing involves the verifier confirming your stated policy is being followed in terms of when the portfolio should enter the composite. Testing placement involves the verifier confirming that the portfolio is added to a composite that aligns with the portfolio’s investment objective.

To confirm the timing of a new portfolio’s inclusion, the verifier typically requests several documents, most commonly the account’s transaction summary and contract. The transaction summary provides information about when the new portfolio was funded, and when the portfolio manager started investing in discretionary assets. The contract is used to assess when the discretionary contract was signed by your client and ensure the timeline makes sense.

Placement can be a bit more complicated in terms of support. The verifier typically requests several standard documents to support the placement. This is not an all-inclusive list, but items requested to support placement can include contracts, investment policy statements, portfolio holdings, fee schedules, client correspondence, CRM system notes, and/or internal memos.

Exit Testing

Opposite of entry testing, exit testing is the verifier’s testing of portfolios that leave a composite. Before diving into the documents your verifier may request, it’s best to figure out why the selected portfolio is exiting the composite. This background knowledge will help you focus on the type of documentation to provide your verifier.

Because portfolios selected for exit testing are not joining a composite, there is no placement considerations in this testing like there is for entry testing. Therefore, exit testing focuses on the timing of a portfolio’s removal from the composite and ensuring the reason for removal is valid. Whether the account lost discretion, terminated, changed its mandate, or violated a composite-specific policy, the verifier will be looking to test the timing of the event.

The most common types of documentation that can support the removal include updated contracts, client correspondence, internal memos, and transaction summaries. The transaction summary will show the true timing of the change to the portfolio, but when discretion is lost or a mandate is changed the verifier will also be looking for support that this change was client driven, which cannot be supported by a transaction summary alone.

It is important to note that unless a composite is redefined or a composite policy is broken (such as the portfolio dropping below a minimum asset level) any movement of portfolios in or out of composites must be client-driven. That is, support for a portfolio exiting a composite should include documentation of a client requesting to terminate management, change the strategy, or add some kind of material restriction.

For example, a client request to hold high levels of cash because of declining market conditions may be a reason to remove the portfolio from the composite, if holding such cash moves the account to non-discretionary status (as outlined in your GIPS policies & procedures). Alternatively, if a portfolio manager used their discretion to deviate from the documented composite description (e.g., holding higher cash levels than described in its strategy due to adverse market conditions), this is not considered a valid reason to remove a portfolio from the composite.

Another form of membership testing is outlier testing. In this analysis, instead of evaluating the movement of portfolios in or out of a composite, the verifier assesses portfolios with performance that deviates from its peers. The purpose of this testing is to confirm that the portfolio is correctly included in the composite, despite the difference in performance.

Outlier Testing

Performance deviations can happen for several reasons and are not necessarily a problem. For example, the following are a handful of common reasons for performance deviations:

  1. A portfolio may have a large cash flow causing a temporary deviation. This is especially true for composites that do not have a significant cash flow policy
  2. A portfolio may contain different holdings than others in the composite, despite having the same objective
  3. Sometimes smaller portfolios may be more concentrated than larger portfolios (most commonly seen when the composite does not have a minimum asset level)
  4. A portfolio may be subject to client-mandated restrictions that the firm has deemed immaterial to the implementation of the strategy

The verifier will want to gain comfort that the investment mandate for the portfolio is in line with the composite strategy, any client-mandated restrictions are not material enough for the portfolio to be considered non-discretionary, and no composite policies have been broken relating to minimum asset levels, significant cash flows, etc. In these situations, an explanation should be provided to the verifier to help them understand why the portfolio belongs in the composite, despite having different performance for the month tested.

Please note that if a portfolio is performing differently than its peers because of a restriction, the verifier will want to confirm that the restriction is client-mandated and that it is not breaking any rules outlined in your firm's definition of discretion within your GIPS policies & procedures. If the restriction is material and breaks your firm’s rules for discretion, then the portfolio should not be in the composite and will need to be removed.

Non-Discretionary Testing

While membership testing focuses on portfolios in (or moving in and out of) composites, non-discretionary testing focuses on confirming that portfolios not in composites have a valid reason to be excluded.

Unless a portfolio is deemed non-discretionary, all fee-paying segregated accounts must be included in a composite. Any account excluded from all composites should have a client-driven reason for the exclusion (e.g., a material restriction or a request for a custom mandate). As mentioned, deviations from the strategy made by the portfolio manager’s discretion are not valid reasons to exclude accounts from composites.

The verifier’s sample of non-discretionary portfolios will come directly from your AUM report or list of non-discretionary portfolios. The verifier is typically looking for non-discretionary portfolios they have never tested (many verification firms track portfolios they have tested in prior years), larger non-discretionary portfolios, and non-discretionary portfolios with unique/different reasons listed for being excluded. Because the list of non-discretionary portfolios is a snap shot in time, it will likely include many exclusion reasons– whether it is a long-term restriction, short-term restriction, or a violation of composite policies like a minimum asset level or a significant cash flow policy.

In addition to providing the reason the portfolio is non-discretionary, common requests from a verifier include contracts, investment policy statements and portfolio holdings reports. Verifiers use contracts and investment policy statements to find any documented restrictions in the paperwork. Often, this is clearly outlined in these onboarding documents, but this is not always the case. If restrictions are not clearly documented in these files, the verifier will likely request CRM notes, email correspondence with the client, and/or an internal memo to document the restriction in place. A portfolio-holdings report typically is used to see if any noted restriction is evident in the holdings and management of the account.

Portfolio-Level Return Testing

There are two main goals of portfolio-level return testing:

  1. Confirmation that the input data used in the calculation can be independently supported
  2. Verification that the calculation methodology outlined in the firm’s GIPS policies and procedures can be applied to the input data to achieve materially the same performance result as your firm

For a firm-wide verification, verifiers will likely have you provide a sample of custodial records in addition to portfolio accounting system reports to gain comfort that the input data used in the performance calculations can be independently supported. If you are having a performance examination on a composite in addition to the firm-wide verification, then this sample will likely be greatly increased.

The verifier uses the portfolio’s custodial statement in conjunction with the corresponding system holdings report and transaction summary to confirm whether market values and transaction activity, including trades, cash flows, fees and expenses, match between the two documents. If there are differences in the timing or amounts of transactions, the verifier will likely have follow-up questions to gain and understanding as to why such differences exist. Lastly, the custodial statement can also be used to confirm whether the portfolio is paying commissions on a per-trade basis.

The portfolio’s fee schedule may also be requested. If the composite calculates net-of-fee returns using actual investment management fees, the verifier will look at the portfolio’s gross and net-of-fee returns to ensure they are in line with the portfolio’s fee schedule. If the spread between gross- and net-of-fee returns does not reconcile with the fee schedule, there will be follow-up questions to figure out why the difference exists and if there are any other fees/expenses impacting the returns that need to be considered.

If your composite net-of-fee returns are calculated with model fees, the verifier will compare the provided fee schedule against the applied model fee. If the model fee is higher than the provided fee schedule, there will likely be no further questions. However, if the fee schedule is higher than the applied model fee, the verifier will likely need to do some alternative testing to ensure that the model fee applied is appropriate.

Once the input data is validated, the verifier will apply the calculation methodology outlined in your firm’s GIPS policies and procedures to confirm they can achieve materially the same performance results. Specifically, the verifier is looking at the treatment of external cash flows, fees, withholdings tax, and interest and dividend accruals to ensure the treatment of each meets the requirements of the GIPS standards and matches your firm’s policies and procedures.

If the verifier is unable to recalculate the returns following the methodology outlined in your GIPS policies and procedures and you believe the timing and amount of all transactions are consistent between your system and what the verifier is using, you should double check that your policies accurately describe your current system settings. For example, have you accurately documented whether external cash flows are accounted for as of the beginning of day or end of day, whether dividends are accounted for as of ex-date or payment date, whether performance is reduced by withholdings taxes, what size cash flows trigger revaluation, or any other settings that could trigger a difference in the performance calculation?

This is an important part of the verification testing as it confirms that an appropriate calculation methodology, acceptable under the requirements of the GIPS standards, has been consistently applied to the portfolios across your firm. Any material differences identified in this testing will need to be resolved before the verification can be completed.

Wrapping up the Verification

Once all testing procedures are complete, most verification firms will conduct their own internal quality control review to ensure the engagement team adequately addressed all testing items before officially signing-off. During this review some additional questions may arise to satisfy the reviewer, but the testing should be materially complete at this point. It is helpful if you can be prepared to answer questions and provide any last-minute document requests in a timely fashion to help move the project across the finish line.

Once all internal reviews have been completed and signed off, the verifier will send a representation letter to your firm. The representation letter is essentially a request for your firm’s attestation that, to the best of your knowledge, everything provided during the verification was accurate and complete. This is a necessary step that all verification firms require you to complete before the verification opinion letter can be issued.

After the representations letter has been attested to by your firm, the opinion letter should be issued shortly thereafter. This wraps up your verification project. Time to celebrate with your team and hopefully enjoy a bit of time away from the verification project before the next annual project begins.

One final recommendation is to have a debrief with your team and any consultants you work with to maintain GIPS compliance. Discuss what went well and what areas held up the verification project. If any areas held up the timeline, this is a good opportunity to consider ways to improve procedures and ongoing composite/data reviews. Planning ahead and implementing improved processes based on what was learned during the verification will help future verifications continue to get smoother over time.

Conclusion

The challenges faced when going through a GIPS verification can vary depending on your firm’s structure/size, the types of products you manage, and the verification firm used. This series was intended to provide a general overview of the most typical verification process and share tips and tricks for helping simplify your verification. If you have questions unique to your verification that we did not cover, please reach out to us to learn more. If you need assistance with a GIPS compliance, Longs Peak is here to help. We have helped hundreds of firms become GIPS complaint and maintain that compliance on an ongoing basis. We are happy to assist your firm with all of its needs relating to the calculation and presentation of investment performance.

You can email matt@longspeakadvisory.com or sean@longpseakadvisory.com with questions or check out our website for more information.

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Key Takeaways from the 29th Annual GIPS® Standards Conference in Phoenix

The 29th Annual Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) Conference was held November 11–12, 2025, at the Sheraton Grand at Wild Horse Pass in Phoenix, Arizona—a beautiful desert resort and an ideal setting for two days of discussions on performance reporting, regulatory expectations, and practical implementation challenges. With no updates released to the GIPS standards this year, much of the content focused on application, interpretation, and the broader reporting and regulatory environment that surrounds the standards.

One of the few topics directly tied to GIPS compliance with a near-term impact relates to OCIO portfolios. Beginning with performance presentations that include periods through December 31, 2025, GIPS compliant firms with OCIO composites must present performance following a newly prescribed, standardized format. We published a high-level overview of these requirements previously.

The conference also covered related topics such as the SEC Marketing Rule, private fund reporting expectations, SEC exam trends, ethical challenges, and methodology consistency. Below are the themes and observations most relevant for firms today.

Are Changes Coming to the GIPS Standards in 2030?

Speakers emphasized that while no new GIPS standards updates were introduced this year, expectations for consistent, well-documented implementation continue to rise. Many attendee questions highlighted that challenges often stem more from inconsistent application or interpretation than from unclear requirements.

Several audience members also asked whether a “GIPS 2030” rewrite might be coming, similar to the major updates in 2010 and 2020. The CFA Institute and GIPS Technical Committee noted that:

    ·   No new version of the standards is currently in development,

     ·   A long-term review cycle is expected in the coming years, and

     ·   A future update is possible later this decade as the committee evaluates whether changes are warranted.

For now, the standards remain stable—giving firms a window to refine methodologies, tighten policies, and align practices across teams.

Performance Methodology Under the SEC Marketing Rule

The Marketing Rule featured prominently again this year, and presenters emphasized a familiar theme: firms must apply performance methodologies consistently when private fund results appear in advertising materials.

Importantly, these expectations do not come from prescriptive formulas within the rule. They stem from:

1.     The “fair and balanced” requirement,

2.     The Adopting Release, and

3.     SEC exam findings that view inconsistent methodology as potentially misleading.

Common issues raised included: presenting investment-level gross IRR alongside fund-level net IRR without explanation, treating subscription line financing differently in gross vs. net IRR, and inconsistently switching methodology across decks, funds, or periods.

To help firms void these pitfalls, speakers highlighted several expectations:

     ·   Clearly identify whether IRR is calculated at the investment level or fund level.

     ·   Use the same level of calculation for both gross and net IRR unless a clear, disclosed rationale exists.

     ·   Apply subscription line impacts consistently across both gross and net.

     ·   Label fund-level gross IRR clearly, if used(including gross returns is optional).

     ·   Ensure net IRR reflects all fees, expenses, and carried interest.

     ·   Disclose any intentional methodological differences clearly and prominently.

     ·   Document methodology choices in policies and apply them consistently across funds.

This remains one of the most frequently cited issues in SEC exam findings for private fund advisers. In short: the SEC does not mandate a specific methodology, but it does expect consistent, well-supported approaches that avoid misleading impressions.

Evolving Expectations in Private Fund Client Reporting

Although no new regulatory requirements were announced, presenters made it clear that limited partners expect more transparency than ever before. The session included an overview of the updated ILPA reporting template along with additional information related to its implementation. Themes included:

     ·   Clearer disclosure of fees and expenses,

     ·   Standardized IRR and MOIC reporting,

     ·   More detail around subscription line usage,

     ·   Attribution and dispersion that are easy to interpret, and

     ·   Alignment with ILPA reporting practices.

These are not formal requirements, but it’s clear the industry is moving toward more standardized and transparent reporting.

Practical Insights from SEC Exams—Including How Firms Should Approach Deficiency Letters

A recurring theme across the SEC exam sessions was the need for stronger alignment between what firms say in their policies and what they do in practice. Trends included:

     ·   More detailed reviews of fee and expense calculations, especially for private funds,

     ·   Larger sample requests for Marketing Rule materials,

     ·   Increased emphasis on substantiation of all claims, and

     ·   Close comparison of written procedures to actual workflows.

A particularly helpful part of the discussion focused on how firms should approach responding to SEC deficiency letters—something many advisers encounter at some point.

Christopher Mulligan, Partner at Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, offered a framework that resonated with many attendees. He explained that while the deficiency letter is addressed to the firm by the exam staff, the exam staff is not the primary audience when drafting the response.

The correct priority order is:

1. The SEC Enforcement Division

Enforcement should be able to read your response and quickly understand that: you fully grasp the issue, you have corrected or are correcting it, and nothing in the finding merits escalation.

Your first objective is to eliminate any concern that the issue rises to an enforcement matter.

2. Prospective Clients

Many allocators now request historical deficiency letters and responses during due diligence. The way the response is written—its tone, clarity, and thoroughness—can meaningfully influence how a firm is perceived.

A well-written response shows strong controls and a culture that takes compliance seriously.

3. The SEC Exam Staff

Although examiners issued the letter, they are the third audience. Their primary interest is acknowledgment and a clear explanation of the remediation steps.

Mulligan emphasized that firms often default to writing the response as if exam staff were the only audience. Reframing the response to keep the first two audiences in mind—enforcement and prospective clients—helps ensure the tone, clarity, and level of detail are appropriate and reduces both regulatory and reputational risk.

Final Thoughts

With no changes to the GIPS standards introduced this year, the 2025 conference in Phoenix served as a reminder that the real challenges involve consistency, documentation, and communication. OCIO providers in particular should be preparing for the upcoming effective date, and private fund managers continue to face rising expectations around transparent, well-supported performance reporting.

Across all sessions, a common theme emerged: clear methodology and strong internal processes are becoming just as important as the performance results themselves.

This is exactly where Longs Peak focuses its work. Our team specializes in helping firms document and implement practical, well-controlled investment performance frameworks—from IRR methodologies and composite construction to Marketing Rule compliance, fee and expense controls, and preparing for GIPS standards verification. We take the technical complexity and turn it into clear, operational processes that withstand both client due diligence and regulatory scrutiny.

If you’d like to discuss how we can help strengthen your performance reporting or compliance program, we’d be happy to talk. Contact us.

From Compliance to Growth: How the GIPS® Standards Help Investment Firms Unlock New Opportunities

For many investment managers, the first barrier to growth isn’t performance—it’s proof.
When platforms, consultants, and institutional investors evaluate new strategies, they’re not just asking how well you perform; they’re asking how you measure and present those results.

That’s where the GIPS® standards come in.

More and more investment platforms and allocators now require firms to comply with the GIPS standards before they’ll even review a strategy. For firms seeking to expand their reach—whether through model delivery, SMAs, or institutional channels—GIPS compliance has become a passport to opportunity.

The Opportunity Behind Compliance

Becoming compliant with the GIPS standards is about more than checking a box. It’s about building credibility and transparency in a way that resonates with today’s due diligence standards.

When a firm claims compliance with the GIPS standards, it demonstrates that its performance is calculated and presented according to globally recognized ethical principles—ensuring full disclosure and fair representation. This helps level the playing field for managers of all sizes, giving them a chance to compete where it matters most: on results and consistency.

In short, GIPS compliance doesn’t just make your reporting more accurate—it makes your firm more credible and discoverable.

Turning Complexity Into Clarity

While the benefits are clear, the process can feel overwhelming. Between defining the firm, creating composites, documenting policies and procedures, and maintaining data accuracy—many teams struggle to find the time or expertise to get it right.

That’s where Longs Peak comes in.

We specialize in simplifying the process. Our team helps firms navigate every step—from initial readiness and composite construction to quarterly maintenance and ongoing training—so that compliance becomes a seamless part of operations rather than a burden on them.

As one of our clients put it, “Longs Peak helps us navigate GIPS compliance with ease. They spare us from the time and effort needed to interpret what the requirements mean and let us focus on implementation.”

Real Firms, Real Impact

We’ve seen firsthand how GIPS compliance can transform firms’ growth trajectories.

Take Genter Capital Management, for example. As David Klatt, CFA and his team prepared to expand into model delivery platforms, managing composites in accordance with the GIPS standards became increasingly complex. With Longs Peak’s customized composite maintenance system in place, Genter gained the confidence and operational efficiency they needed to access new platforms and relationships—many of which require firms to be GIPS compliant as a baseline.

Or consider Integris Wealth Management. After years of wanting to formalize their composite reporting, they finally made it happen with our support. As Jenna Reynolds from Integris shared:

“When I joined Integris over seven years ago, we knew we wanted to build out our composite reporting, but the complexity of the process felt overwhelming. Since partnering with Longs Peak in 2022, they’ve been instrumental in driving the project to completion. Our ongoing collaboration continues to be both productive and enjoyable.”

These are just two examples of what happens when compliance meets clarity—firms gain time back, confidence grows, and new business doors open.

Why It Matters—Compliance as a Strategic Advantage

At Longs Peak, we believe compliance with the GIPS standards isn’t a cost—it’s an investment.

By aligning your firm’s performance reporting with the GIPS standards, you gain:

  • Access to platforms and institutions that require GIPS compliant firms.
  • Credibility and trust in an increasingly competitive landscape.
  • Operational efficiency through consistent data and documented processes.
  • Scalability to support multiple strategies and distribution channels.

Simply put: compliance fuels confidence—and confidence drives growth.

Simplifying the Complex

At Longs Peak, we’ve helped over 250 firms and asset owners transform how they calculate, present, and communicate their investment performance. Our goal is simple: make compliance with the GIPS standards practical, transparent, and aligned with your firm’s growth goals.

Because when compliance works efficiently, it doesn’t slow your business down—it helps it reach further.

Ready to turn compliance into a growth advantage?

Let’s talk about how we can help your firm simplify the complex.

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Performance reporting has two common pitfalls: it’s backward-looking, and it often stops at raw returns. A quarterly report might show whether a portfolio beat its benchmark, but it doesn’t always show why or whether the results are sustainable. By layering in risk-adjusted performance measures—and using them in a structured feedback loop—firms can move beyond reporting history to actively improving the future.

Why a Feedback Loop Matters

Clients, boards, and oversight committees want more than historical returns. They want to know whether:

·        performance was delivered consistently,

·        risk was managed responsibly, and

·        the process driving results is repeatable.

A feedback loop helps firms:

·        define expectations up front instead of rationalizing results after the fact,

·        monitor performance relative to objective appraisal measures,

·        diagnose whether results are consistent with the manager’s stated mandate, and

·        adjust course in real time so tomorrow’s outcomes improve.

With the right discipline, performance reporting shifts from a record of the past toa tool for shaping the future.

Step 1: Define the Measures in Advance

A useful feedback loop begins with clear definitions of success. Just as businesses set key performance indicators (KPIs) before evaluating outcomes, portfolio managers should define their performance and risk statistics in advance, along with expectations for how those measures should look if the strategy is working as intended.

One way to make this tangible is by creating a Performance Scorecard. The scorecard sets out pre-determined goals with specific targets for the chosen measures. At the end of the performance period, the manager completes the scorecard by comparing actual outcomes against those targets. This creates a clear, documented record of where the strategy succeeded and where it fell short.

Some of the most effective appraisal measures to include on a scorecard are:

·        Jensen’s Alpha: Did the manager generate returns beyond what would be expected for the level of market risk (beta) taken?

·        Sharpe Ratio: Were returns earned efficiently relative to volatility?

·        Max Drawdown: If the strategy claims downside protection, did the worst loss align with that promise?

·        Up- and Down-Market Capture Ratios: Did the strategy deliver the participation levels in up and down markets that were expected?

By setting these expectations up front in a scorecard, firms create a benchmark for accountability. After the performance period, results can be compared to those preset goals, and any shortfalls can be dissected to understand why they occurred.

Step 2: Create Accountability Through Reflection

This structured comparison between expected vs. actual results is the heart of the feedback loop.

If the Sharpe Ratio is lower than expected, was excess risk taken unintentionally? If the Downside Capture Ratio is higher than promised, did the strategy really offer the protection it claimed?

The key is not just to measure, but to reflect. Managers should ask:

·        Were deviations intentional or unintentional?

·        Were they the result of security selection, risk underestimation, or process drift?

·        Do changes need to be made to avoid repeating the same shortfall next period?

The scorecard provides a simple framework for this reflection, turning appraisal statistics into active learning tools rather than static reporting figures.

Step 3: Monitor, Diagnose, Adjust

With preset measures in place, the loop becomes an ongoing process:

1.     Review results against the expectations that were defined in advance.

2.     Flag deviations using alpha, Sharpe, drawdown, and capture ratios.

3.     Discuss root causes—intentional, structural, or concerning.

4.     Refine the investment process to avoid repeating the same shortcomings.

This approach ensures that managers don’t just record results—they use them to refine their craft. The scorecard becomes the record of this process, creating continuity over multiple periods.

Step 4: Apply the Feedback Loop Broadly

When applied consistently, appraisal measures—and the scorecards built around them—support more than internal evaluation. They can be used for:

·        Manager oversight: Boards and trustees see whether results matched stated goals.

·        Incentive design: Bonus structures tied to pre-defined risk-adjusted outcomes.

·        Governance and compliance: Demonstrating accountability with clear, documented processes.

How Longs Peak Can Help

At Longs Peak, we help firms move beyond static reporting by building feedback loops rooted in performance appraisal. We:

·        Define meaningful performance and risk measures tailored to each strategy.

·        Help managers set pre-determined expectations for those measures and build them into a scorecard.

·        Calculate and interpret statistics such as alpha, Sharpe, drawdowns, and capture ratios.

·        Facilitate reflection sessions so results are compared to goals and lessons are turned into process improvements.

·        Provide governance support to ensure documentation and accountability.

The result is a sustainable process that keeps strategies aligned, disciplined, and credible.

Closing Thought

Markets will always fluctuate. But firms that treat performance as a feedback loop—nota static report—build resilience, discipline, and trust.

A well-structured scorecard ensures that performance data isn’t just about yesterday’s story. When used as feedback, it becomes a roadmap for tomorrow.

Need help creating a Performance Scorecard? Reach out if you want us to help you create more accountability today!