When to Use Time-Weighted Return (TWR) vs. Money-Weighted Return (MWR)

Sean P. Gilligan
Author
December 29, 2020
15 min
When to Use Time-Weighted Return (TWR) vs. Money-Weighted Return (MWR)

There are two types of returns investment managers use to report the performance of their strategies: Time-Weighted Returns (“TWR”) and Money-Weighted Returns (“MWR”). The most common MWR is the Internal Rate of Return (“IRR”). Here we take a look at both TWR and MWR to help you understand when each method should be used and why.

The key difference between the two methods is that:

  • Time-Weighted Returns REMOVE the effect of the timing and amount of external cash flows.
  • Money-Weighted Returns INCLUDE the effect of the timing and amount of external cash flows.

Because of this, money-weighted returns represent the actual return received by the investor, while time-weighted returns represent the return achieved by the investment manager after removing the effect of external cash flows.

But when is it appropriate to use one over the other? Because MWRs reflect the investor’s actual returns, it may seem like the best method to use in all situations. However, if the purpose of reviewing the performance is to evaluate the portfolio manager’s discretionary management, we do not want decisions made by the investor to affect the results. The most appropriate methodology to use to evaluate the portfolio manager depends on who controls the external cash flows (contributions and withdrawals) from the portfolio.

Investor-Driven Cash Flows

When the timing and amount of external cash flows are controlled by the investor, investor-driven decisions impact the return. To present returns that allow investors to evaluate a manager’s discretionary management, TWR should be utilized to remove the effect of these investor-driven decisions. Because the effects of cash flows are removed, a TWR doesn’t penalize or benefit a portfolio manager’s performance for contributions or withdrawals that the manager did not control.

Investment Manager-Driven Cash Flows

When the investment manager does have control over the timing and amount of external cash flows (e.g., private equity funds where the investment manager has control over capital calls and distributions), their effects should be included in the evaluation of the manager’s performance. An MWR, which includes the effect of timing and amount of external cash flows, would therefore appropriately penalize or benefit a portfolio manager for contribution and withdrawal decisions that were part of their discretionary management.

External Cash Flow Impact on Returns

Without external cash flows, TWR and MWR are equal. When external cash flows (and volatility) are present, the results will differ.

The following are examples of how the MWR and TWR will differ under different market scenarios:

  1. If a contribution is made and then the portfolio has subsequent performance that:
    • SHIFTS POSITIVELY – MWR > TWR (investor added money just before the upswing)
    • SHIFTS NEGATIVELY – TWR > MWR (investor added money just before the decline)
    • REMAINS STEADY – TWR = MWR (investor added money during a period without volatility)
  2. If a distribution is made and then the portfolio has subsequent performance that:
    • SHIFTS POSITIVELY – TWR > MWR (investor withdrew money just before the upswing)
    • SHIFTS NEGATIVELY – MWR > TWR (investor withdrew money just before the decline)
    • REMAINS STEADY – MWR = TWR (investor withdrew money during a period without volatility)

To help visualize how this works, below are three examples. For the sake of simplicity, we assume the portfolio perfectly replicates the index. The line on the graphs demonstrates the index return stream for the performance period while the filled in area represents the amount of capital invested during each segment of the period. Since TWR removes the effect of the external cash flows, the TWR will approximately equal the index return while the MWR will be impacted by the amount of capital invested for each segment of the performance period.

Example 1: A portfolio with a beginning value of $100k has a steady return of 10% without any volatility for the full period (scenarios with and without external cash flows):

Steady return - no external cash flows.
No External Cash Flows and no volatility:
TWR = 10% and MWR = 10%
Steady return - large external contribution.
$50k ADDED at Mid-Point and no volatility:
TWR = 10% and MWR = 10%
Steady return - large external distribution.
$50k REMOVED at Mid-Point with no volatility:
TWR = 10% and MWR = 10%

The TWR and MWR is equal for all of these scenarios because there is no volatility. With a steady return stream, there is no market timing that would make external cash flows cause a difference between the TWR and MWR.

Example 2: A portfolio with a beginning value of $100k has a 10% increase, but subsequently declines to end the period at the same level at which it began.

Positive return with subsequent loss - no external cash flows
No External Cash Flows:
TWR = 0% and MWR = 0%
Positive return with subsequent loss - large external contribution
= $50k ADDED at High Point:
TWR = 0% and MWR = -3.63%
Positive return with subsequent loss - large external cash distribution
$50k REMOVED at High Point:
TWR = 0% and MWR = 6.04%

The TWR is 0% for all scenarios because the strategy lost all of its initial gains to end up back at the starting point.

The MWR is negative when adding money at the high point because in this scenario the capital base is smaller while the strategy is performing positively and larger when the strategy is performing negatively.

The MWR is positive when removing money at the high point because in this scenario the capital base is larger while the strategy is performing positively and smaller when the strategy is performing negatively.

Example 3: A portfolio with a beginning value of $100k has a 10% decrease, but subsequently increases to end the period at the same level at which it began.

Negative return with subsequent gain - no external cash flows.
No External Cash Flows:
TWR = 0% and MWR = 0%
$50k ADDED at Low Point:
TWR = 0% and MWR = 3.71%
$50k REMOVED at Low Point:
TWR = 0% and MWR = -5.91%

The TWR is 0% for all scenarios because the strategy gained back all of its initial losses to end up back at the starting point.

The MWR is positive when adding money at the low point because in this scenario the capital base is smaller while the strategy is performing negatively and larger when the strategy is performing positively.

The MWR is negative when removing money at the high point because in this scenario the capital base is larger while the strategy is performing negatively and smaller when the strategy is performing positively.

Criteria to Determine When MWR is Appropriate

Ultimately, investment managers should be evaluated based on TWR unless specific criteria are met, in which case MWR is more appropriate. The criteria[1] for using MWR includes:

The investment manager has control over the timing and amount of external cash flows and the investment vehicle has at least one of the following characteristics:

  • Closed-end
  • Fixed life
  • Fixed commitment
  • Illiquid investments as a significant part of the investment strategy

MWR vs TWR for GIPS

The use of money-weighted returns in GIPS Reports instead of time-weighted returns has broadened under the 2020 edition of the Global Investment Performance Standards (“GIPS”). All firms can show MWRs in addition to TWRs if they wish to do so; however, if a firm wishes to replace its TWR with MWR, the criteria listed in the prior section must be met. For more information on these requirements, please see Question 10 of Longs Peak’s GIPS Compliance FAQs.

For more information on how to present performance information in compliance with the GIPS standards, see our recent article on updating GIPS reports to comply with the 2020 edition of the GIPS standards.

If you have questions about calculating investment performance or GIPS compliance, please contact us or email Sean Gilligan at sean@longspeakadvisory.com.

[1] Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) – For Firms, Fundamentals of GIPS Compliance, Provision 1.A.35, pages 5-6.

Recommended Post

View All Articles
ColoradoBiz Names Longs Peak’s Jocelyn Gilligan, CFA, CIPM as a GenZYZ Top Young Professional
Longs Peak is pleased to announce that Partner and Co-Founder, Jocelyn Gilligan has been named a GenXYZ Top Young Professional by ColoradoBiz Magazine. As ColoradoBiz states, “They’re uncommon achievers, whether as entrepreneurs, CEOs, nonprofit leaders, visionaries critical to their companies’ success or, in some cases, all of those roles. This year’s Top 25 Young Professionals figure to continue making a difference professionally and in their communities for years to come.”
March 14, 2023
15 min

Longs Peak is pleased to announce that Partner and Co-Founder, Jocelyn Gilligan has been named a GenXYZ Top Young Professional by ColoradoBiz Magazine.

As ColoradoBiz states, “They’re uncommon achievers, whether as entrepreneurs, CEOs, nonprofit leaders, visionaries critical to their companies’ success or, in some cases, all of those roles. This year’s Top 25 Young Professionals figure to continue making a difference professionally and in their communities for years to come.”

Jocelyn grew up in Boulder, CO and graduated from the University of Colorado. She started her career at Ernst & Young in New York City where she worked on their Financial Services Transfer Pricing Team. She transferred with EY to their office in Shanghai and then eventually to Hong Kong. Jocelyn left EY as a Manager and relocated back to Colorado where she and her husband started a family. Soon thereafter, Jocelyn and Sean founded Longs Peak out of a small one-car garage in their home in Longmont, CO. Now running a thriving team of 14, Jocelyn has weathered the ups and downs of entrepreneurship. She credits a lot of their success to their amazing team and the community of entrepreneurs they live near and network with (Longs Peak is an active member of EO (Entrepreneurs Organization)).

Jocelyn is a voting member of the PTO at her children’s school and a member of Women in Investment Performance Measurement, a group recently founded to support women in the investment performance industry.

Please join us in celebrating this year’s ColoradoBiz Top Young Professionals nominees. You can view the complete list of nominees here

About ColoradoBiz’s Top 25 Young Professionals

The 13th annual Gen XYZ awards is open to those under 40 who live and work in Colorado — numbered in the hundreds, making for difficult decisions and conversations among judges, as always. Applications were judged by our editorial board based on career achievement, community engagement and their stories of how they got to where they are now.

About Longs Peak

Longs Peak is a purpose and values-driven company. It is our mission to make investment performance information more transparent and reliable—empowering investors to make better, more informed investment decisions.

At the onset, we were looking to help smaller investment managers by giving them access to professional performance experts and tools typically only available to very large firms. We know that our work enables emerging managers to compete with the big guys and helps facilitate their growth. We strive to be our clients’ most valued outsource partner and to be known for our exceptional client service. We know that providing exceptional client service means that we must first create a culture that lives by the ideals we are trying to create for our clients. A place where incredibly talented individuals are empowered to put their best work into the hands of clients that truly value what we do. As a firm, we recognize that our greatest asset is people – both those we work with and those we work for. We continue to evolve into something that represents the needs of both of these groups and hope someday a GIPS Report is provided to every prospective investor in the world.

SEC Clarifies Marketing Rule: Gross-of-Fee Returns Allowed Under Certain Conditions
The investment management industry has spent significant time grappling with the SEC’s Marketing Rule and the question of whether gross-of-fee returns can be presented without corresponding net-of-fee returns in certain cases. Many firms have invested resources in trying to allocate fees to individual securities and sectors in an effort to comply. However, the SEC has now issued two FAQs (March 19, 2025) that provide much appreciated clarity on extracted performance and portfolio characteristics. The key takeaway? It is possible to present gross-of-fee returns without net-of-fee returns—if certain conditions are met.
March 27, 2025
15 min

The investment management industry has spent significant time grappling with the SEC’s Marketing Rule and the question of whether gross-of-fee returns can be presented without corresponding net-of-fee returns in certain cases. Many firms have invested resources in trying to allocate fees to individual securities and sectors in an effort to comply. However, the SEC has now issued two FAQs (March 19, 2025) that provide much appreciated clarity on extracted performance and portfolio characteristics. The key takeaway? It is possible to present gross-of-fee returns without net-of-fee returns—if certain conditions are met.

Extracted Performance: Gross Returns Can Stand Alone Under Specific Criteria

Investment advisers often present the performance of a single investment or a subset of a portfolio (“extracted performance”) in marketing materials. Historically, the SEC required both gross and net performance to be shown for such extracts. The new guidance provides a pathway for firms to display only gross-of-fee extracted performance, provided the following conditions are met:

  1. The extracted performance must be clearly identified as gross performance.
  2. The advertisement must also present the total portfolio’s gross and net performance in a manner consistent with SEC requirements.
  3. The total portfolio’s performance must be given at least equal prominence to, and facilitate comparison with, the extracted performance.
  4. The total portfolio’s performance must be calculated over a period that includes the entire period of the extracted performance.

If these conditions are satisfied, the SEC staff has indicated they will not recommend enforcement action, even if the extracted performance is presented without corresponding net returns. This is a notable shift, as it allows firms to avoid the complex and often impractical task of allocating fees at the investment or sector level.

Portfolio and Investment Characteristics: Net-of-Fee Not Always Required

Another common industry question has been whether certain portfolio or investment characteristics—such as yield, volatility, Sharpe ratio, sector returns, or attribution analysis—constitute “performance” under the marketing rule, and if so, whether they must be presented net of fees.

The SEC’s latest guidance acknowledges that calculating these characteristics net of fees can be difficult and, in some cases, may lead to misleading results. As a result, the staff has confirmed that firms may present gross characteristics alone, without net characteristics, if they meet the following criteria:

  1. The characteristic must be clearly identified as calculated without the deduction of fees and expenses.
  2. The advertisement must also present the total portfolio’s gross and net performance in a manner consistent with SEC requirements.
  3. The total portfolio’s performance must be given at least equal prominence to, and facilitate comparison with, the gross characteristic.
  4. The total portfolio’s performance must be calculated over a period that includes the entire period of the characteristic being presented.

As with extracted performance, these conditions help ensure that the presentation is not misleading, reducing the risk of enforcement action.

Bottom Line: A Practical Path Forward

This updated SEC guidance provides much-needed flexibility for investment managers, allowing for the presentation of gross-of-fee returns in a compliant manner. Firms that clearly disclose their approach and follow the specified conditions can reduce compliance burdens while still meeting investor protection standards. While this does not eliminate all complexities of the Marketing Rule, it does offer a practical solution that allows for more straightforward and meaningful performance reporting.

For firms navigating these changes, ensuring clear disclosures and maintaining compliance with the general prohibitions of the rule remains critical. Those who align their advertising materials with these guidelines can now confidently use gross-of-fee performance in a way that is both transparent and in compliance with regulatory requirements.

Questions?

If you have questions about calculating or presenting investment performance in a manner that complies with regulatory requirements or industry best practices, we would love to talk to you. Please feel free to email us at hello@longspeakadvisory.com.

New GIPS Standards Guidance for OCIOs: What You Need to Know
The Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) have released a new Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios, bringing greater transparency and consistency to the way Outsourced Chief Investment Officers (OCIOs) report performance. This update is a significant milestone for firms managing OCIO Portfolios and asset owners looking to evaluate their OCIO providers.
February 3, 2025
15 min

The Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) have released a new Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios, bringing greater transparency and consistency to the way Outsourced Chief Investment Officers (OCIOs) report performance. This update is a significant milestone for firms managing OCIO Portfolios and asset owners looking to evaluate their OCIO providers.

What is an OCIO?

An Outsourced Chief Investment Officer (OCIO) is a third-party fiduciary that provides both strategic investment advice and investment management services to institutional investors such as pension funds, endowments, and foundations. Instead of building an in-house investment team, asset owners delegate investment decisions to an OCIO, which handles everything from strategic planning to portfolio management.

Who Does the New Guidance Apply To?

The Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios applies when a firm provides both:

  1. Strategic investment advice, including developing or assessing an asset owner’s strategic asset allocation and investment policy statement.
  2. Investment management services, such as portfolio construction, fund and manager selection, and ongoing management.

This ensures that firms managing OCIO Portfolios follow standardized performance reporting, making it easier for prospective clients to compare OCIO providers.

Who is Exempt from the OCIO Guidance?

The guidance does not apply in the following scenarios:

  • Investment management without strategic advice – If a firm only manages investments without advising on asset allocation or investment policy.
  • Strategic advice without investment management – If a firm provides recommendations but does not manage the portfolio.
  • Partial OCIO portfolios – If a firm only manages a portion of a portfolio, rather than the full OCIO mandate.
  • Retail client portfolios – The guidance is specific to institutional OCIO Portfolios and does not apply to retail investors including larger wealth management portfolios.

Key Change: Required OCIO Composites

Previously, OCIO firms had flexibility in defining their performance composites. Now, the GIPS Standards introduce Required OCIO Composites, which categorize portfolios based on strategic asset allocation.

Types of Required OCIO Composites

  1. Liability-Focused Composites – Designed for portfolios aiming to meet specific liability streams, such as corporate pensions.
  2. Total Return Composites – Focused on capital appreciation, commonly used by endowments and foundations.

Firms must classify OCIO Portfolios based on their strategic allocation, not short-term tactical shifts. This standardization enhances comparability across OCIO providers. The specific allocation ranges for the required composites are as follows:

Required OCIO Composites for OCIO Portfolios

Required OCIO Composites
Source: Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios

Performance Calculation & Reporting

To ensure transparency, firms must follow specific rules for return calculations and fee disclosures:

  • Time-weighted returns (TWR) are required, even for portfolios with private equity or real estate holdings.
  • Both gross and net-of-fee returns must be presented to clarify the true cost of OCIO management.
  • Fee schedule disclosures must include all investment management fees, including fees from proprietary funds and third-party placements.

Enhanced Transparency in GIPS Reports

The new guidance also requires OCIO firms to disclose additional portfolio details, such as:

  • Annual asset allocation breakdowns (e.g., growth vs. liability-hedging assets).
  • Private market investment and hedge fund exposures.
  • Portfolio characteristics, such as funding ratios and duration for liability-focused portfolios.

By providing these details, OCIO firms enable prospective clients to make better-informed decisions when selecting an investment partner.

When Do These Changes Take Effect?

The Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios is effective December 31, 2025. From this date forward, GIPS Reports for Required OCIO Composites must follow the new standards. However, firms are encouraged to adopt the guidance earlier to improve transparency and reporting consistency.

Why This Matters

With OCIO services growing in popularity, this new guidance ensures that firms adhere to best practices in performance reporting. By establishing clear rules for composite classification, return calculation, and fee disclosure, the guidance empowers asset owners to compare OCIO providers with confidence.

As the December 31, 2025 deadline approaches, OCIO firms should begin aligning their reporting practices with this new guidance to stay ahead of the curve.

Don’t miss CFA Institute’s webinar scheduled for this Thursday February 6, 2025 to hear more on this guidance statement.

Questions?

If you have questions about the Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios or the Standards in general, we would love to talk to you. Longs Peak’s professionals have extensive experience helping firms become GIPS compliant as well as helping firms maintain their compliance with the GIPS Standards on an ongoing basis. Please feel free to email us at hello@longspeakadvisory.com.