Large vs Significant Cash Flows – What’s the difference?

Sean P. Gilligan
Author
August 22, 2022
15 min
Large vs Significant Cash Flows – What’s the difference?

Cash flows are frequently mentioned throughout the GIPS standards, and there can understandably be confusion around the terms “large cash flow” versus “significant cash flow.” While these terms sound very similar, they refer to different concepts and each play an important role in performance calculations and composite construction for firms that comply with the GIPS standards. It is also important to note that although they are called “cash” flows, this term refers to any type of external capital flow (cash or investments) entering or exiting the portfolio.

The key difference to remember is that the “large” cash flow requirements are focused on ensuring that the methodology used to calculate time-weighted returns (TWRs) is as accurate as possible. Conversely, the guidance relating to “significant” cash flows is concerned with a portfolio manager’s ability to fully implement the intended strategy. We discuss these differences in more detail below.

What are Large Cash Flows?

A main consideration for portfolio-level calculations is the treatment of external cash flows. As of the start of 2010, the GIPS standards require firms to value non-private market investment portfolios at the time of each large cash flow, in addition to the last business day of the month. The purpose of this requirement is focused on the accuracy of the performance calculations. Methodologies that daily-weight external cash flows based on the amount of time they were in the portfolio, such as Modified Dietz, begin to lose their accuracy as the size of the cash flow increases, especially during volatile market periods.

What is considered “large” is up to each firm to define for themselves. Historically, the default setting for many portfolio accounting systems was set to revalue for cash flows that are 10% of the portfolio’s value or larger. Many systems now revalue portfolios daily, which means they essentially have a threshold of 0%. What is most important is to choose a threshold that provides accurate results, even if you're not revaluing every day or for each cash flow. While 10% is still the most common threshold for firms that do not revalue for all cash flows, some firms set thresholds as high as 20%; however, anything higher than 20% is uncommon.

Firms must define the appropriate large cash flow threshold at the composite-level with consideration for factors such as the nature of the strategy, its volatility, and its targeted cash level. Some portfolio accounting systems have the option of implementing a large cash flow policy at the asset-class-level, although it’s most common to see large cash flows defined in terms of a percentage of overall portfolio assets.

While the GIPS standards allow some flexibility in how TWRs are calculated, the methodology used must meet certain criteria. When calculating TWRs monthly, firms must calculate sub-period returns at the time of all large cash flows and geometrically link the sub-period returns. The Modified Dietz method, which weights each external cash flow by the amount of time it is held in the portfolio, is a common methodology used in calculating a TWR when cash flows do not exceed the threshold set to define “large” cash flows. Details of the calculation methodology used for portfolio-level calculations must be documented in a firm’s GIPS policies and procedures (GIPS P&P).

Significant Cash Flows

While the requirements relating to “large” cash flows are focused on the accuracy of performance calculations, the purpose of establishing policies relating to “significant” cash flows are designed to help identify when portfolios should be temporarily removed from composites. The GIPS standards recognize that very large external flows of cash or investments can significantly impair a firm’s ability to implement a portfolio’s intended strategy, causing the portfolio’s performance to deviate from that of the composite. Firms have the option to establish a significant cash flow policy that temporarily removes a portfolio from the composite to avoid the disruptive effects of significant cash flows.

Firms adopting a significant cash flow policy must define “significant” at the composite-level, and the policy may differ between composites. Firms should determine the threshold by considering factors such as the liquidity of the strategy’s investments and the time it takes the firm to invest new money or raise funds for a client-requested distribution. The significant cash flow threshold may be based on a specific dollar amount, but it is more commonly based on a percentage of the portfolio’s market value. Firms may define a significant cash flow as a single flow or as an aggregation of flows within a stated period.

The policy may only be applied prospectively. Firms should consider whether a significant cash flow policy is needed during the initial construction of a composite, although the policy can be changed going forward with proper documentation. The concept of a significant cash flow applies only to composites presenting TWRs and does not apply to pooled funds presented in GIPS Pooled Fund Reports. Details on a composite’s significant cash flow policy must be documented in the firm’s GIPS P&P, as well as disclosed in the composite’s GIPS Report.

Summary of Key Differences

Large Cash Flow Policy

  • Requirement for firms calculating returns monthly
  • Portfolios experiencing a large cash flow remain in the composite
  • Purpose is to improve the mathematical accuracy of portfolio-level calculations

Significant Cash Flow Policy

  • Optional policy
  • Portfolios experiencing a significant cash flow are removed from the composite for a specified period
  • Purpose is to ensure composite-level performance results are not distorted by very large cash flows that were not controlled by the portfolio manager

A firm can establish both a large cash flow policy and a significant cash flow policy. While these two thresholds are determined independently from one another, it is generally expected that the significant cash flow threshold is higher than the large cash flow threshold. Firms are not allowed to set a significant cash flow threshold equal to or lower than the large cash flow threshold for the purpose of avoiding revaluing portfolios.

If you need assistance calculating performance or deciding which GIPS policies make the most sense for your unique strategies, please contact us to find out how we can help.

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ColoradoBiz Names Longs Peak’s Jocelyn Gilligan, CFA, CIPM as a GenZYZ Top Young Professional
Longs Peak is pleased to announce that Partner and Co-Founder, Jocelyn Gilligan has been named a GenXYZ Top Young Professional by ColoradoBiz Magazine. As ColoradoBiz states, “They’re uncommon achievers, whether as entrepreneurs, CEOs, nonprofit leaders, visionaries critical to their companies’ success or, in some cases, all of those roles. This year’s Top 25 Young Professionals figure to continue making a difference professionally and in their communities for years to come.”
March 14, 2023
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Longs Peak is pleased to announce that Partner and Co-Founder, Jocelyn Gilligan has been named a GenXYZ Top Young Professional by ColoradoBiz Magazine.

As ColoradoBiz states, “They’re uncommon achievers, whether as entrepreneurs, CEOs, nonprofit leaders, visionaries critical to their companies’ success or, in some cases, all of those roles. This year’s Top 25 Young Professionals figure to continue making a difference professionally and in their communities for years to come.”

Jocelyn grew up in Boulder, CO and graduated from the University of Colorado. She started her career at Ernst & Young in New York City where she worked on their Financial Services Transfer Pricing Team. She transferred with EY to their office in Shanghai and then eventually to Hong Kong. Jocelyn left EY as a Manager and relocated back to Colorado where she and her husband started a family. Soon thereafter, Jocelyn and Sean founded Longs Peak out of a small one-car garage in their home in Longmont, CO. Now running a thriving team of 14, Jocelyn has weathered the ups and downs of entrepreneurship. She credits a lot of their success to their amazing team and the community of entrepreneurs they live near and network with (Longs Peak is an active member of EO (Entrepreneurs Organization)).

Jocelyn is a voting member of the PTO at her children’s school and a member of Women in Investment Performance Measurement, a group recently founded to support women in the investment performance industry.

Please join us in celebrating this year’s ColoradoBiz Top Young Professionals nominees. You can view the complete list of nominees here

About ColoradoBiz’s Top 25 Young Professionals

The 13th annual Gen XYZ awards is open to those under 40 who live and work in Colorado — numbered in the hundreds, making for difficult decisions and conversations among judges, as always. Applications were judged by our editorial board based on career achievement, community engagement and their stories of how they got to where they are now.

About Longs Peak

Longs Peak is a purpose and values-driven company. It is our mission to make investment performance information more transparent and reliable—empowering investors to make better, more informed investment decisions.

At the onset, we were looking to help smaller investment managers by giving them access to professional performance experts and tools typically only available to very large firms. We know that our work enables emerging managers to compete with the big guys and helps facilitate their growth. We strive to be our clients’ most valued outsource partner and to be known for our exceptional client service. We know that providing exceptional client service means that we must first create a culture that lives by the ideals we are trying to create for our clients. A place where incredibly talented individuals are empowered to put their best work into the hands of clients that truly value what we do. As a firm, we recognize that our greatest asset is people – both those we work with and those we work for. We continue to evolve into something that represents the needs of both of these groups and hope someday a GIPS Report is provided to every prospective investor in the world.

SEC Clarifies Marketing Rule: Gross-of-Fee Returns Allowed Under Certain Conditions
The investment management industry has spent significant time grappling with the SEC’s Marketing Rule and the question of whether gross-of-fee returns can be presented without corresponding net-of-fee returns in certain cases. Many firms have invested resources in trying to allocate fees to individual securities and sectors in an effort to comply. However, the SEC has now issued two FAQs (March 19, 2025) that provide much appreciated clarity on extracted performance and portfolio characteristics. The key takeaway? It is possible to present gross-of-fee returns without net-of-fee returns—if certain conditions are met.
March 27, 2025
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The investment management industry has spent significant time grappling with the SEC’s Marketing Rule and the question of whether gross-of-fee returns can be presented without corresponding net-of-fee returns in certain cases. Many firms have invested resources in trying to allocate fees to individual securities and sectors in an effort to comply. However, the SEC has now issued two FAQs (March 19, 2025) that provide much appreciated clarity on extracted performance and portfolio characteristics. The key takeaway? It is possible to present gross-of-fee returns without net-of-fee returns—if certain conditions are met.

Extracted Performance: Gross Returns Can Stand Alone Under Specific Criteria

Investment advisers often present the performance of a single investment or a subset of a portfolio (“extracted performance”) in marketing materials. Historically, the SEC required both gross and net performance to be shown for such extracts. The new guidance provides a pathway for firms to display only gross-of-fee extracted performance, provided the following conditions are met:

  1. The extracted performance must be clearly identified as gross performance.
  2. The advertisement must also present the total portfolio’s gross and net performance in a manner consistent with SEC requirements.
  3. The total portfolio’s performance must be given at least equal prominence to, and facilitate comparison with, the extracted performance.
  4. The total portfolio’s performance must be calculated over a period that includes the entire period of the extracted performance.

If these conditions are satisfied, the SEC staff has indicated they will not recommend enforcement action, even if the extracted performance is presented without corresponding net returns. This is a notable shift, as it allows firms to avoid the complex and often impractical task of allocating fees at the investment or sector level.

Portfolio and Investment Characteristics: Net-of-Fee Not Always Required

Another common industry question has been whether certain portfolio or investment characteristics—such as yield, volatility, Sharpe ratio, sector returns, or attribution analysis—constitute “performance” under the marketing rule, and if so, whether they must be presented net of fees.

The SEC’s latest guidance acknowledges that calculating these characteristics net of fees can be difficult and, in some cases, may lead to misleading results. As a result, the staff has confirmed that firms may present gross characteristics alone, without net characteristics, if they meet the following criteria:

  1. The characteristic must be clearly identified as calculated without the deduction of fees and expenses.
  2. The advertisement must also present the total portfolio’s gross and net performance in a manner consistent with SEC requirements.
  3. The total portfolio’s performance must be given at least equal prominence to, and facilitate comparison with, the gross characteristic.
  4. The total portfolio’s performance must be calculated over a period that includes the entire period of the characteristic being presented.

As with extracted performance, these conditions help ensure that the presentation is not misleading, reducing the risk of enforcement action.

Bottom Line: A Practical Path Forward

This updated SEC guidance provides much-needed flexibility for investment managers, allowing for the presentation of gross-of-fee returns in a compliant manner. Firms that clearly disclose their approach and follow the specified conditions can reduce compliance burdens while still meeting investor protection standards. While this does not eliminate all complexities of the Marketing Rule, it does offer a practical solution that allows for more straightforward and meaningful performance reporting.

For firms navigating these changes, ensuring clear disclosures and maintaining compliance with the general prohibitions of the rule remains critical. Those who align their advertising materials with these guidelines can now confidently use gross-of-fee performance in a way that is both transparent and in compliance with regulatory requirements.

Questions?

If you have questions about calculating or presenting investment performance in a manner that complies with regulatory requirements or industry best practices, we would love to talk to you. Please feel free to email us at hello@longspeakadvisory.com.

New GIPS Standards Guidance for OCIOs: What You Need to Know
The Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) have released a new Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios, bringing greater transparency and consistency to the way Outsourced Chief Investment Officers (OCIOs) report performance. This update is a significant milestone for firms managing OCIO Portfolios and asset owners looking to evaluate their OCIO providers.
February 3, 2025
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The Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) have released a new Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios, bringing greater transparency and consistency to the way Outsourced Chief Investment Officers (OCIOs) report performance. This update is a significant milestone for firms managing OCIO Portfolios and asset owners looking to evaluate their OCIO providers.

What is an OCIO?

An Outsourced Chief Investment Officer (OCIO) is a third-party fiduciary that provides both strategic investment advice and investment management services to institutional investors such as pension funds, endowments, and foundations. Instead of building an in-house investment team, asset owners delegate investment decisions to an OCIO, which handles everything from strategic planning to portfolio management.

Who Does the New Guidance Apply To?

The Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios applies when a firm provides both:

  1. Strategic investment advice, including developing or assessing an asset owner’s strategic asset allocation and investment policy statement.
  2. Investment management services, such as portfolio construction, fund and manager selection, and ongoing management.

This ensures that firms managing OCIO Portfolios follow standardized performance reporting, making it easier for prospective clients to compare OCIO providers.

Who is Exempt from the OCIO Guidance?

The guidance does not apply in the following scenarios:

  • Investment management without strategic advice – If a firm only manages investments without advising on asset allocation or investment policy.
  • Strategic advice without investment management – If a firm provides recommendations but does not manage the portfolio.
  • Partial OCIO portfolios – If a firm only manages a portion of a portfolio, rather than the full OCIO mandate.
  • Retail client portfolios – The guidance is specific to institutional OCIO Portfolios and does not apply to retail investors including larger wealth management portfolios.

Key Change: Required OCIO Composites

Previously, OCIO firms had flexibility in defining their performance composites. Now, the GIPS Standards introduce Required OCIO Composites, which categorize portfolios based on strategic asset allocation.

Types of Required OCIO Composites

  1. Liability-Focused Composites – Designed for portfolios aiming to meet specific liability streams, such as corporate pensions.
  2. Total Return Composites – Focused on capital appreciation, commonly used by endowments and foundations.

Firms must classify OCIO Portfolios based on their strategic allocation, not short-term tactical shifts. This standardization enhances comparability across OCIO providers. The specific allocation ranges for the required composites are as follows:

Required OCIO Composites for OCIO Portfolios

Required OCIO Composites
Source: Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios

Performance Calculation & Reporting

To ensure transparency, firms must follow specific rules for return calculations and fee disclosures:

  • Time-weighted returns (TWR) are required, even for portfolios with private equity or real estate holdings.
  • Both gross and net-of-fee returns must be presented to clarify the true cost of OCIO management.
  • Fee schedule disclosures must include all investment management fees, including fees from proprietary funds and third-party placements.

Enhanced Transparency in GIPS Reports

The new guidance also requires OCIO firms to disclose additional portfolio details, such as:

  • Annual asset allocation breakdowns (e.g., growth vs. liability-hedging assets).
  • Private market investment and hedge fund exposures.
  • Portfolio characteristics, such as funding ratios and duration for liability-focused portfolios.

By providing these details, OCIO firms enable prospective clients to make better-informed decisions when selecting an investment partner.

When Do These Changes Take Effect?

The Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios is effective December 31, 2025. From this date forward, GIPS Reports for Required OCIO Composites must follow the new standards. However, firms are encouraged to adopt the guidance earlier to improve transparency and reporting consistency.

Why This Matters

With OCIO services growing in popularity, this new guidance ensures that firms adhere to best practices in performance reporting. By establishing clear rules for composite classification, return calculation, and fee disclosure, the guidance empowers asset owners to compare OCIO providers with confidence.

As the December 31, 2025 deadline approaches, OCIO firms should begin aligning their reporting practices with this new guidance to stay ahead of the curve.

Don’t miss CFA Institute’s webinar scheduled for this Thursday February 6, 2025 to hear more on this guidance statement.

Questions?

If you have questions about the Guidance Statement for OCIO Portfolios or the Standards in general, we would love to talk to you. Longs Peak’s professionals have extensive experience helping firms become GIPS compliant as well as helping firms maintain their compliance with the GIPS Standards on an ongoing basis. Please feel free to email us at hello@longspeakadvisory.com.